1. Poetry
Terms

2. POETRY BASICS:
Prose:
-Written or spoken language in its ordinary form; writing that is not poetry
Poetry:
- writing that forms a specific imaginative or creative awareness of experience in language; chosen and arranged to create a specific emotional response through meaning and sound
Stanza:
- A formal division of lines in a poem, considered as a unit
Mood:
- The feeling created in the reader by a literary work; present in poetry as well as prose
Figurative Language:
Writing that is not meant to be taken literally
Sound devices:
- Elements of literature and poetry that emphasize or create the way a particular passage or line sounds

3. Types of figurative language (figures of speech)
Imagery:
- a word or phrase that appeals to one or more of the five senses
Example: “ Now sleeps the crimson petal, now the white;
Nor waves the cypress in the palace walk;
Nor winks the gold fin in the porphyry font:
The firefly wakens: waken thou with me.”
What do you think this is describing?
Metaphor:
- a figure of speech in which something is described as though it were something else without using “like” or “as”
Example: “What light through yonder window breaks? It is the East, and Juliet is the sun. Arise fair sun…” (From Romeo and Juliet)
Simile:
- a figure of speech that uses like or as to make a direct comparison between two unlike ideas
Example: “Twinkle, twinkle, little star.
How I wonder what you are.
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky…”

4. Types of figurative language (figures of speech)
Personification:
a type of figurative language in which a non-human subject is given human characteristics
Example: “The grey-eyed morn smiles on the frowning night…” (from Romeo and Juliet)
Hyperbole:
-extreme exaggeration for effect, not meant to be taken literally
Example: “Here once the embattled farmers stood
And fired the shot heard round the world.“
(From “Concord Hymn” and refers to the beginning of the American Revolution)
Idiom:
- an expression, word or phrase that has figurative meaning and cannot be taken literally
Example: “Don’t jump the gun. Wait until we know all the details of the situation.” (This phrase is related to a starter’s gun at a race – if you move or flinch ahead of time to go, you can be penalized.)

5. Types of figurative language (figures of speech)
Pun: - The humorous use of a word or phrase to emphasize or suggest its different meanings, or the use of words that are alike or nearly alike in sound but different in meaning; usually to create humor Example: After Mercutio has been stabbed in a sword fight, he says, “Look for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man…” (From, you guessed it, Romeo and Juliet) Allusion: - A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art; it does NOT describe things in detail – rather, because it is to something culturally well-known, it is presumed the reader knows the context Example: “So Eden sank to grief, So dawn goes down to day. Nothing gold can stay.” (From…you should know where…)

6. Sound devices in poetry
Refrain:
A regularly repeated line or group of lines in a poem or other literary work; repeats at regular intervals and often at the ends of stanzas
Example: “The woods are lovely, dark and deep,  But I have promises to keep,  And miles to go before I sleep,  And miles to go before I sleep.”
Repetition:
The use, more than once, of any element of language for emphasis
Example: “Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light
And you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray. Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light.”

7. Sound devices in poetry
Rhyme:
Repetition of identical or similar sounds in or at the end of words
End rhyme:
- rhyme that occurs at the end of lines of poetry
Example: “Tyger Tyger, burning bright, In the forests of the night”
Internal rhyme:
- rhyme that occurs within a line of poetry
Ex: “Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary”
Near rhyme:
- Also called approximate rhyme, forced rhyme, or slant rhyme; when the words are similar, but not close enough to make an exact rhyme
Example: “That is no country for old men. The young In one another’s arms, birds in the trees – Those dying generations – at their song…”

8. Sound devices in poetry
Rhyme Scheme:
- A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem; there are many different types of rhyme schemes (repeating, alternating, etc.); different sounds are represented with letters of the alphabet
Ex: The one who brought me down to earth, A And held me every day.                           B The one who gracefully gave me birth,     A And said, I love you in every way.             B
The one who taught me everything,         C Like how to crawl and walk.                     D The one who taught me how to sing         C After learning how to talk.                         D

9. Sound devices in poetry
Onomatopoeia:
The use of words that imitate sounds; a sound word
Example: “Once more the storm is howling, and half hid Under this cradle-hood and coverlid My child sleeps on…”
Rhythm:
Pattern of beats (or stresses) in spoken or written language; there are five main patterns in English poetry
Example: “DOU-ble, / DOU-ble / TOIL and / TROU-ble; FI-re / BURN, and / CAL-dron / BUB-ble.”
(shows the stressed/unstressed syllables)
Accent:
- The stressed syllable(s) in the rhythmic pattern of a line of poetry
Alliteration:
Repetition of initial consonant sounds in multiple words that are close together
Example: “For the sky and the sea, and the sea and the sky Lay like a load on my weary eye.”

10. Poetry
TYPES

11. Ballad:
A song-like poem that tells a story
Blank Verse:
Poetry written in unrhymed, ten-syllable lines
Free Verse:
Poetry not written in a regular rhythmical pattern or meter
Haiku:
A three-lined Japanese verse with 5 syllables, 7 syllables, and 5 syllables.
Lyric Poem:
Highly musical verse that expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker
Narrative Poem:
A story told in verse
Limerick:
often humorous poem of five lines with a specific structure and rhyme scheme