1. Absolutism leads to Enlightenment
Enduring Understandings
A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements
Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas.
Warm-up – Take a Geography quiz from music stand
In a group including Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau readers: Review Absolutism. Who would support an absolute monarch? Why would absolutism be supported?
Review the following documents and discuss their views on government. For each choose 3 quotes that illustrate the views on government
Read Hobbes – defense of absolutism.pdf
Read Locke – 2nd treatise on government.pdf
Read Rousseau – social contract.pdf
In your group: Compare the 3 enlightenment philosophers. How do they either support or oppose Louis XIV and
Describe how a Salon may sound where the above four men were discussing their ideas – who would be on each side and where would they agree and/or disagree?
Absolutism leads to Enlightenment

2. Enlightenment Enlightenment Overview
People try to apply the scientific approach to all aspects of society
Political scientists propose new ideas about government
Philosophes (philosophers) advocate the use of reason to discover truths
Address social issues through reason

3. Enlightenment Causes Ideals of the Renaissance Scientific Revolution
Individualism, secularism, rebirth of classical teachings
Scientific Revolution
Logic, reason, mathematics
New way of thinking based on willingness to question assumptions
Absolutism
Reaction to government of total control
Questioning of Theory of Divine Right

4. Characteristics of Enlightened Thought
Ideas incorporating the themes listed below were heavily discussed during this era
REASON-justification
HAPPINESS-What makes people happy?
LIBERTY-freedoms
PROGRESS-tolerance, diversity, science
NATURE- outside (plants, earth, universe, etc) and inside (emotion, human interactions, etc)

5. THE SALON Serious workroom of philosophy Various people, all educated
Women sharp and witty

6. Enduring Understandings
A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements
Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas.
Open today’s (day 8) powerpoint and use it to complete graphic organizer of the key enlightenment philosophers
Why is the Enlightenment the natural result of the chain of advances beginning in the Renaissance? How may these Enlightened ideas change the world?
Draw a cartoon of a Salon where three of the philosophes are meeting.
The cartoon should highlight the key ideas of each philosophe
With which philosopher do you have the closest connection? Why?
Questions from review sheet? Unit Test tomorrow
Enlightenment

7. Enlightenment thinkers
A graphic organizer of the philosophes Identify who, where and the key ideas of each of the following
Hobbes
Locke
Montesquieu
Enlightenment thinkers
Beccaria
Adam Smith
Rousseau
Voltaire
Wollstonecraft

8. Human existence is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
Thomas Hobbes
Human existence is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
Living through the brutal English civil wars in the 17th century, Hobbes was very cynical about human nature.
He wrote in the Leviathan that humans are selfish and wicked. Without government, there would be “war of all against all.”
Therefore, absolute monarchies are created through a social contract to keep the mean, nasty men from killing each other.

9. John Locke
"Government has no other end than the preservation of property.”
He postulated that the mind was a "blank slate" or "tabula rasa“; people are born without innate ideas
Believed that human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance
Two Treatises of Government had a profound influence on the writing of the Declaration of Independence and Constitution
People have god-given rights that are inviolable
People will voluntarily, through a social contract, create a government to protect their god-given rights
If government violates the social contract, then the people have the right to change the government
"Wherever Law ends, Tyranny begins."

10. Voltaire
“Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities.”
His intelligence, wit and style made him one of France’s greatest writers and philosophers
He was attracted to the philosophy of John Locke and ideas of Sir Isaac Newton
In favor of religious tolerance and interested in the study of the natural sciences
Every man is guilty of all the good he didn’t do.
God is a comedian playing to an audience too afraid to laugh.
If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him.
It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong.
Love truth and pardon error.

11. Voltaire
Judge of a man by his questions rather than by his answers.
Men are equal; it is not birth, but virtue that makes the difference.
Prejudice is opinion without judgment.
The way to become boring is to say everything.
I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.

12. Jean –Jacques Rousseau
“Never exceed your rights, and they will soon become unlimited.”
Contended that man is essentially good, a "noble savage" when in the "state of nature"  
Good people are made unhappy and corrupted by their experiences in society  
Most important work is "The Social Contract" that describes the relationship of man with society
“Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.”

13. Jean –Jacques Rousseau
The right kind of political order could make people truly moral and free.
Individual moral freedom could be achieved only by learning to subject one’s individual interests to the “General Will.”
Individuals did this by entering into a social contract not with their rulers, but with each other.
This social contract was derived from human nature, not from history, tradition, or the Bible.
People would be most free and moral under a republican form of government with direct democracy.

14. Adam Smith
“Consumption is the sole end and purpose of all production; and the interest of the producer ought to be attended to, only so far as it may be necessary for promoting that of the consumer.”
Scottish philosopher and economist famous for his book, “The Wealth of Nations” written in 1776
Profound influence on modern economics and concepts of individual freedom
Father of modern capitalism and influential in the formulation of American Capitalism
Economic liberty guarantees economic progress
Government needs to stay out of economics because:
Buyers will buy
Sellers will sell
Each will participate in economics out of their own self-interest
Harmony will results

15. Montesquieu “Liberty is the right of doing whatever
Liberty is the key for successful government, but liberty is often eroded by power in the hands of government
He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers in government; executive, legislative and judicial
Separated power would lead to checks on power and therefore protecting liberty – developing the theory of checks and balances
largely responsible for the popularization of the terms feudalism and Byzantine Empire
“Liberty is the right of doing whatever
the laws permit.” -Montesquieu

16. Beccaria
An independent judiciary should provide justice, not just support the rulers
Opposed torture and arbitrary rulings and procedures
Promoted fair trials with adequate defense of the accused
Punishment should fit the crime

17. Wollstonecraft Promoted the value of women Women should be educated
Women should be equal to men in politics and professions

18. Impact of the Enlightenment
People have confidence that human reason can solve social problems
The individual becomes important as people use their own ability to reason and judge
Absolutism is generally questioned as being the antithesis of enlightenment.
Sets the stage for popular revolutions in the 18th and 19th Centuries
Some monarchs make reforms – the enlightened despots – modified absolutists
Others fight for their continued power

19. The Origins of Enlightenment?
RELIGIOUS:
Deism
The belief in the existence of a God or supreme being but a denial of revealed religion, basing one’s belief on the light of nature and reason.
Deists saw no point in any particular religion; they recognized only a distant God, uninvolved in the daily life of man.
The Origins of Enlightenment?

20. The Origins of Enlightenment?
RELIGIOUS:
Pantheism
The belief that God and nature are one and the same.
Gradually, highly educated Protestants & Catholics thought more about God’s work as revealed through science, rather than through the Scriptures.
The Origins of Enlightenment?

21. Test your skills…
Europe Map Game

22. Use your blank map to label the following countries
1. France
2. Spain
3. Germany
4. Italy
5. Poland
6. Great Britain
7. Russia
8. Ukraine
9. Greece
10. Sweden
11. Ireland
12. Austria

23. 7 6 5 3 1 4 2
France
Spain
Germany
Italy
Poland UK
Russia

24. 10 11 8 12
8.Ukraine
9. Greece
10. Sweden
11. Ireland
12. Austria 9

25. Use your blank map to label the following countries
13. Serbia
14. Albania
15. Portugal
16. Denmark
17. Norway
18. Czech Republic
19. Netherlands
20. Belgium

26. 20 13. Serbia 14. Albania 15. Portugal 16. Denmark 17. Norway19 17 20 16 18 15
13. Serbia
14. Albania
15. Portugal
16. Denmark
17. Norway
18. Czech Republic
19. Netherlands
20. Belgium 13 14