1. The Protestant Reformation

2. I. What was the Protestant Reformation?
When Martin Luther broke away from the Catholic Church and started the first Protestant faith: Lutheranism
II. Reasons for the Reformation
Monarchs were threatened with excommunication if didn’t obey the church
Priests were illiterate
Clergy frequently broke vows - especially chastity
Church officials (including the pope) led a life of luxury and leisure
Practice of simony (selling of church offices)

3. Practice of selling indulgences (a certificate of pardon for a sin)
If purchased, your soul would spend less time in purgatory (a place where souls too impure to enter heaven would make amends for sins committed during one’s lifetime)
1517- a priest named Johann Tetzel set up a platform outside of Wittenburg. He offered indulgences to those giving $ to help rebuild a cathedral in Rome. He said this would assure entry into heaven for them and their dead relatives

4. III. Martin Luther
German monk and professor of theology
Disillusioned by Church corruption

5. 95 Theses
Angered by Tetzel’s sale of indulgences
Drew up the 95 Theses, or arguments, criticizing the Catholic Church
He posted his list on the door of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church
Almost overnight, copies of
Luther’s work was printed
and distributed across Europe,
stirring furious debate

6. Luther vs. the Church
Luther was told to recant (give up his views); Luther refused
In 1521, Luther was excommunicated
Charles V (HRE) summoned Luther to the diet (assembly) at Worms; again, he did not recant

7. Lutheranism
Luther started his own Protestant faith: Lutheranism:
Believed in Justification by Faith (a person could be made good by faith alone – good deeds and buying indulgences not necessary for salvation)
Believed the Bible was the sole source of religious truth (denied the pope and other authorities)
Believed in stressing biblical teachings (concentrated on sermons, not elaborate rituals)

8. Believed services should be led in vernacular (common language), not Latin; had Bible translated into the vernacular so all could read it
Rejected 5 of the 7 sacraments because the Bible did not mention them
Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints
Permitted clergy to marry

9. IV. The Reformation Spreads
John Calvin (Calvinism)
Believed in predestination (salvation was predetermined a long time ago)
Discipline and strict moral life proved who had been chosen
Anabaptists
Christians should be baptized as adults b/c that is when you can make an informed decision
True Christians should form a separate community
Baptists, Quakers, and Amish all trace their ancestry to the Anabaptists

10. Henry VIII (Anglicanism/Church of England)
Wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn (Catherine could not produce a male heir to the throne but had one living daughter = Mary Tudor)
Henry asked pope to annul marriage- pope said no
Henry broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and started his own religion: Anglicanism (all to marry Anne Boleyn- and to try to have a male heir to the English throne!)

11. Monarch is the supreme religious leader of the Church of England (as passed by the Act of Supremacy)
Many Catholics refused to accept this
and were executed for treason (Thomas More)
Most beliefs are the same as
Catholicism (except allowed the
use of the English Bible)

12. Puritans
A radical group that wanted to purify the Church of all Catholic rituals
Were persecuted and forced to immigrate to the US Colonies

13. V. Catholics (Counter Reformation or the Catholic Reformation)
Pope Paul III
Led the Counter, or Catholic Reformation
Had Church abuses catalogued
Called meeting at Trent to deal with growth of Protestantism
Council of Trent
defined Catholic beliefs and corrected abuses
prohibited sale of indulgences
simony outlawed
monasteries and convents cleansed of immoral clergy

14. RESULT = Europe  into a Catholic South and a Protestant North
Jesuits
pope recognized a new religious
order, the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits
founded by a Spanish priest named
Ignatius of Loyola
determined to combat heresy and
spread the Catholic faith
Inquisition
Strengthened during the Catholic Reformation
Imprisoned, exiled,
or executed those
convicted of heresy.
RESULT = Europe  into a Catholic South and a Protestant North