1. The Protestant Reformation

2. Causes of the Reformation?
Church corruption
Anger of Holy Roman Empire towards Church
Efforts of reformers, like Martin Luther & John Calvin, Ulrich Zwingli
Secular leaders’ greed for Church land
People used humanist ideas to question a central force in their lives- the Church

3. Church Corruption Worldly affairs Pope competing for political power
Fought long wars to protect Papal states
Plotted against powerful monarchs who tried to seize control of the Church within their lands
Fought to expand its own interests

4. Why did the Reformation Start in the Holy Roman Empire?
No centralized state (390+ separate entities)
Church controlled a lot of land in HRE
Church took advantage of HRE lands and rulers
Weak, generally small states
Church taxed them
Most residents of HRE were angry at church abuses

5. Martin Luther Luther’s background
Priest and professor, at U of Wittenberg (HRE)
Offended by indulgences and John Tetzel, commissioner of Pope
Basis of indulgences: faith + good works = salvation
Tetzel: "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."
Wrote 95 Theses (arguments) against indulgences & Tetzel
Example: #86
Challenged Tetzel to debate (ignored)
Luther used printing press to spread his side of argument

6. Luther’s Excommunication
Luther began pamphlet campaign, spreading his ideas
Distance from HRE to Rome a factor
1517: Luther’s letter to Archbishop of Mainz
Late 1518 = initial response to Luther’s 95 Theses
What was Luther doing during this time?
1521: Diet of Worms
Charles V (HRE) summoned Luther, ordered him to give up his views and teachings.
Luther refused, becoming an outlaw.
Results- many followers, renounced the authority of the pope.

7. Luther’s Teachings
All Christians have equal access to god through faith and the Bible.
Like Erasmus, Luther wanted ordinary people to be able to read and understand the bible=translated into German.
Wanted every town to have a school.
Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints.
Permitted clergy to marry
“printing was God’s highest act of Grace”

8. Other Events Peasants Revolt Peace at Augsburg
End to serfdom, hoped to gain Luther’s support for social and economic change
Result- Luther denounced the revolt
Luther strongly favored social order and political authority
Peace at Augsburg
1555, allowed each prince to decide which religion (Catholic or Lutheran) to follow in their lands.

9. Spread of Lutheranism

10. John Calvin (1509-1564) John Calvin was a French lawyer
Left Catholic Church around 1530
Fled France to Switzerland due to anti- Protestant violence in 1536
Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion (His statement of belief)
Predestination
All events have been willed by God
Humans have no free will
The “Elect”
God has chosen a small group of people for salvation, the Elect
No one knows who the Elect are
Elect naturally live life according to Biblical teachings, demonstrating their fitness for salvation

11. John Calvin Continued World Divided into two kinds of people
Saints & Sinners
1541 City State of Geneva
Theocracy- govn’t run by church leaders
Society stressed – hard work, discipline, thrift, honesty and morality.
Punishment and fines for fighting, swearing, laughing in church or dancing
Model Community
Took roots in Germany,France, Netherlands etc.
Results
Set off bloody wars in Europe

12. Protestant Sects
Sects- religious groups that broke away from an established church.
Anabaptists- more radical ideals such as rejecting infant baptism
Why?- they are too young to understand what it means to accept the Christian faith
EX Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish

13. The Reformation in England
Divorced
Divorced
Henry VIII had a problem…..
Wanted a divorce (Catherine of Aragon)
Why-wanted a male heir to the throne (Mary Tudor-daughter)
Pope refused
Henry’s response (1534)
Henry confiscated all Church land in England
20%+ of English lands
Distributed to loyal noblemen
Executed
Executed
Died

14. Continued Tomas Cranmer Started his own church = Anglican Church
King was head of church
Tomas Cranmer
Archbishop of the new Church
Annulled the King’s marriage was allowed
King Henry remarried (Anne Boleyn) and had another daughter, Elizabeth

15. Continued 1534 Act of Supremacy- Fallout
The king is the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England
Fallout
Many loyal Catholics refused to accept the AOS, and were executed for treason
Among them were Sir Thomas More
Canonized- recognized as a saint, by the Catholic Church

16. Strengthening the Church of England
How?
Officials investigated Catholic convents and monasteries claiming they were centers of immorality.
Confiscated, or seized, their lands and wealth
Granted lands to nobles and other high-ranking citizens
Gained support for the Anglican Church

17. England’s Church Anglican Church- Name of the new church of England
Beliefs
Aside from breaking away from Rome and allowing use of the English Bible, he kept most Catholic forms of worship

18. Religious Turmoil Henry dies in 1547, having been married 6 times.
Edward (his only son) inherits the throne.
Took steps to make England a truly Protestant country
Died in his teens
Mary Tudor becomes queen
Determined to turn England to the Catholic faith.
Hundreds of protestants burned at the stake for heresy

19. The Elizabethan Settlement
1558 Mary Tudor Dies
Compromise- acceptable middle ground, between Protestant and Catholic Practices
Preserved Catholic ritual (hierarchy of bishops and archbishops
Accepted moderate Protestant doctrine (book of common prayer)- outline moderate form of Protestant service
Allowed English to replace Latin in church services
Elizabeth used her skills to restore unity to England.
Keeping Catholic traditions, she made England a firmly Protestant nation

20. Reformation Europe (Late 16c)

21. Effects of the Reformation
Increase in Nationalism – identity to a nation of people vs. “Christendom”
Bible translated into vernacular (English, German, etc)
Catholic “Counter Reformation”
Religious Wars