1. Chapter 4
Test Review

2. What are the issues that caused conflicts between Great Britain and the American colonies?
Taxation, representation, liberty
The events that shaped the ____ are a turning point in humanity’s fight for freedom.
American Revolution
In order to finance debts from the _____ as well as European wars, Parliament had turned to the colonies resources.
French and Indian War

3. March 1765 Parliament persuaded by Prime Minister George Greenville to pass the ____.
Stamp Act
____ required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for every legal document, license, newspaper, pamphlet, and imposed special duties on packages of playing cards and dice.
Colonists who disobeyed the law were to be tried in the ____ courts where convictions were probable.
Vice-Admiralty
Boston shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers organized a secret resistance group called the
Sons of Liberty

4. One of the secret resistance founders was_____.
Samuel Adams
Merchants in New York, Boston and Philadelphia agreed not to import goods manufactured in Britain until the ____ was repealed.
Stamp Act  
In March 1766____ was repealed but on the same day they issued the ___ given Parliament the right to make laws that included the colonies in America.
Stamp Act/Townshend Act

5. _____ the leading government minister decided on a new method to make the colonies pay revenue.
Charles Townshend
The proposed revenue laws passed by Parliament in 1767 became known as the _
Townshend Act
The Townshend Act place a three penny tax on ____.
Tea
Educated Americans spoke out against the Townshend Acts protesting_____.
taxation with representation
__________also boycotted British tea and exchanged recipes for tea made from birch bark and sage.
Wives

6. Conflict intensified in June 1768 British agents in Boston seized the ____ a ship belonging to local merchant John Hancock.
Liberty
The ____ was the killing of five civilians by British troops on March 5, 1770 and its legal aftermath, which helped spark the American Revolutionary War.
Boston Massacre
Three Americans rope maker Samuel Gray, mariner James Caldwell, and multiracial sailor ____died instantly during the Boston Massacre.
Crispus Attucks

7. Why were the committees of correspondence established?
To help colonies to communicate with each other about liberties
To help colonies elected members of Congress Lord North devised the ____ which granted the East India Company the right to sell tea to the colonies free of the taxes that colonial tea sellers had to pay.
Tea Act

8. On December 16, 1773 a group Boston rebels dressed as ______ began to dump tea in the Boston Harbor this action was known as the Boston Tea Party.
Sons of Liberty
King George III was infuriated by the destruction of British property (tea) he pressed Parliament to act by passing a series of acts known as the _________.
Intolerable Act
The ___ authorized British commanders to house soldiers in vacant private homes and other buildings.
Quartering Act  
The governor of Massachusetts Thomas Gage place Boston under_____.
Martial Law

9. The committees of correspondence quickly moved into action and assembled the ________.
First Continental Congress
_____ began quietly stockpiling firearms and gunpowder.
Minutemen
What did Warren order Paul Revere to do?
Warn John Hancock and Samuel Adams British were coming to arrest them.
April 18, Paul Revere, Samuel Prescott and _______ rode to spread word that 700 British soldiers were headed for Concord.
William Dawes
 Tensions increased throughout the colonies until the Continental Congress declared Independence on ___.
July 4, 1776

10. The Second Continental Congress agreed to recognize the militiamen as the Continental Army and appointed a 43 year old _______ as commander.
George Washington
The Battle of _____took place on June 17, 1775 also called Breed’s Hill.
Bunker Hill
On July 8, 1775 the Continental Congress sent the king the so-called _____ urging a return to the former harmony between Britain and the colonies.
Olive Branch Petition
 ________ a 50 page pamphlet written by Thomas Paine attacking King George III.
Common Sense

11. _____ eased the colonists’ fears that they needed Britain to survive.
Common Sense
_____ is known for writing the Declaration of Independence.
Thomas Jefferson
 _____ are those which remain loyal to the Crown.
Loyalist
The Declaration of Independence is divided into __ parts. 4
_____outside Philadelphia which served the Continental Army’s camp during the winter of
Valley Forge

12. ____ was the turning point of the American Revolution.
Saratoga
 What did France agree to do in its treaty or cooperation with the Americans?
Recognized American Independence  
What was an economic problem the Americans face in financing the war?
Profiteering
 In what ways did women contribute to the Revolutionary War?
Managed the farms, cooking for the troops, and fighting in combat.

13. Strategic victories in the South and at ___ enabled the Americans to defeat the British.
Yorktown
 The American defeat of the British established the United States as a _____ nation.
Independent 
____a Prussian Captain volunteered his service to General Washington to train the Continental Army.
Friedrich von Steuben
____ a brave Frenchman also volunteered to help General Washington and the Continental Army.
Marquis de Lafayette
 On October 17, 1781 _____ surrendered at Yorktown.
Charles Cornwallis

14. ___ decided to handover West Point to the British he would be tried as a traitor.
Benedict Arnold
On September 1783 delegates signed the_______ which confirmed the U.S. independence.
Treaty of Paris  
The money printed by the Continental Congress were called ___.
Continentals

15. The War for Independence 1763-1783
Chapter 4
The War for Independence

16. The Stirrings of Rebellion
Conflict between Great Britain and the American colonies grew over issues of taxation, representation and liberty.
The events that shaped the American Revolution are a turning point in humanity’s fight for freedom.
The uprising at the Custom House illustrated the rising tensions between Britain and its American colonies.
In order to finance debts from the French and Indian War as well as European wars Parliament turned to the colonies resources.

17. In March 1765 when Parliament was persuaded by Prime Minister George Greenville to pass the Stamp Act.
Stamp Act required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for every legal document, marriage licenses , newspaper, pamphlet, and almanac, and imposed a special duty on packages of playing cards, and dice.
The colonists who disobeyed the law were to be tried in the vice-admiralty courts, where convictions were probable.

18. When word of the Stamp Act reached the colonies in May of 1765, the colonist united in their defiance.
Boston shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers organized a secret resistance group called the Sons of Liberty.
In New York, the Sons were led by wealthy, highborn men.
These men were not reluctant to use violence to resist the Stamp Act.
One of the founders of the Sons of Liberty was Harvard educated Samuel Adams an unsuccessful businessman and deeply in debt proved himself to be a powerful influential political activist.

19. During 1765 and early 1766 the individual colonial assemblies confronted the Stamp Act measure.
Virginia’s lower house adopted several resolutions put forth by a 29 year lawyer named Patrick Henry.
The resolution stated that only Virginias could tax them not Parliament other assemblies passed the same resolutions.
In October 1765, 27 delegates from 9 colonies met in New York City, this was known as the Stamp Act Congress which debated and issued a Declaration of Rights and Grievances which stated that Parliament lacked the power to impose taxes on the colonies because they had no representation in Parliament.

20. Merchants in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia agreed not to import goods manufactured in Britain until the Stamp Act was repealed.
In March 1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act was repealed but on the same day they issued the Townshend Acts given Parliament the right to make laws and tax the colonies in America.
Charles “Champagne Charley” Townshend the leading government minister decided on a new method to make colonies pay revenue to Great Britain.
The proposed revenue laws, passed by Parliament in 1767 became known as the Townshend Acts.

21. The Townshend Acts placed duties on imported material like glass, lead, paint, and paper.
The acts also placed a three penny tax on tea the most popular drink in the colonies.
Educated Americans spoke out against the Townshend Acts protesting “taxation without representation.”
Samuel Adams called for another boycott of British goods and American women of every rank in society to become involved in the protest.

22. The comparison of the Stamp and Townshend Acts were totally different; Stamp Act- British Stamp distributers were harassed, boycotting of British goods and Declaration of Rights and Grievances were filed. Townshend Acts- verbal protest and organizing boycotts.
Mercy Otis Warren urged women to lay their British female ornaments aside foregoing feathers, furs, rich satins and capes.
Housewives also boycotted British tea and exchanged recipes for tea made from birch bark, sassafras, and sage.

23. Conflict intensified in June, 1768 British agents in Boston seized the Liberty a ship belonging to local merchant John Hancock.
Hancock was accused of smuggling.
The seizure triggered riots against the custom agents resulting in the King sending 2,000 redcoats-(British soldiers) into Boston.
The presence of British soldiers in Boston’s streets charged the air with hostility.

24. One sore point was the competition for jobs between colonies and poorly paid soldiers who looked for extra work in local shipyards during off-duty hours.
On March 5, 1770 a fist fight broke out over jobs.
That evening a mob gathered the British soldiers felt threaten and sent for additional soldiers.
An armed clash would occur resulting in the British soldiers firing upon the colonists.
The Boston Massacre was the result- the killing of five civilians by the British troops on March 5, 1770 and its aftermath would spark the American Revolution War.

25. Three Americans rope maker Samuel Gray, mariner James Caldwell and multiracial sailor Crispus Attucks (Michael Johnson).
Samuel Adams and other colonists labeled the confrontation the Boston Massacre an attack on defenseless citizens.
The plan to haul Americans to trial in England ignited widespread alarm.
The assemblies in Massachusetts and Virginia set up committees of correspondence. What is this?
The committee of correspondence was established to help colonies to communicate with each other about threats to colonial liberties.

26. In 1773 Lord Frederick North the British prime minister faced a new problem when the British East India Company held an monopoly on the tea imports. The company had been hit hard by the colonial boycotts.
To save the Company North devised the Tea Act which granted the company the right to sell to colonies free of taxes. Colonial tea sellers still had to pay taxes on their tea.
This action would cut the colonial merchants out of the tea trade this allowed the Company to sell directly to the consumer for less. By passing who?
Colonist/Middleman

27. North hoped the colonist would buy the tea yet it prompt colonial protest.
On December 16, 1773 a large group of Boston rebels disguised themselves as Native Americans and began to dump 342 chest of tea into the Boston harbor this would be known as the Boston Tea Party.
King George III was infuriated by the destruction of British property he pressed Parliament to act by passing a series of acts known as the Intolerable Acts.

28. The Quartering Act allowed British commanders to house soldiers in vacant private homes and buildings.
General Thomas Gage was also appointed the new governor of Massachusetts to keep the peace he placed Boston under martial law or rule imposed on military forces.
The committees of correspondence quickly moved into action and assembled the First Continental Congress.
In September delegates met in Philadelphia and drew up a declaration of colonial rights. They defended the colonies’ right to run their own affairs.

29. After the First Continental Congress colonists met many New England towns stepped up military preparations.
Minutemen began to quickly stockpile weapons and gunpowder.
The spring of 1775 was a cold one in New England this resulted in a there not being enough food.
This forced General Gage to put his men on strict rations and the British morale was low.

30. British are Coming
As Gage and his troops moved toward Concord and Lexington the minutemen were watching.
Who was Gage looking for?
John Hancock and Samuel Adams and others of the Continental Congress.
Sometime on April 18, 1775 Dr. Joseph Warren had consulted with someone close to the British command who told him of the plans to capture members of the Continental Congress.
Warren immediately sent for Paul Revere a member of the Sons of Liberty he was told to go and warn Adams, Hancock, and the searching for arms in Concord and Lexington.

31. Paul Revere began to organize a network of riders to warn those of the British and their movement.
On the night of April 18, 1775 Paul Revere, William Dawes and Samuel Prescott rode to spread the word that 700 British Regulars were headed to Concord.

32. Revere would warn Adams, and Hancock he would continue to ride warn those of the coming of the British.
Revere and Dawes would be detained by the British. As they were being questions shots rang out the British then realized there element of surprise had been lost.
The British officers ordered Revere and Dawes to be released since they would hinder their movement.
What did Revere and Dawes do?

34. Samuel Prescott would later join the fighting and would be captured and died in prison.
William Dawes would later join the Continental Army and fought at Bunker Hill and went into business after the Revolutionary as a grocer.
The Battles at Lexington and Concord would be the shots heard around the world and the start to the American Revolution .

35. Ideas Heal Start a Revolution
The Continental Congress declared Independence on July 4, 1776.
The Declaration of Independence continues to inspire and challenge people everywhere.
In May 1775 colonial leaders convened a Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia to plan their next move.
The loyalties that divided colonists sparked endless debates at the Second Continental Congress.
The Congress agreed on one thing that was to appoint George Washington as commander of the Continental Army.

36. On June 17, 1775 Gage sent out some 2,400 British Regulars to charge Breed’s Hill.
By the time this battle was over some 450 colonists and 1,000 British had died.
The Battle of Bunker Hill would be one of the deadliest battle of the war.

37. By July the Second Continental Congress was preparing the colonies for war there would be those still hoping for peace.
Most of the delegates like many of the colonists felt deep loyalty to George III and blamed the bloodshed on the king’s ministers.
On July 8, 1775 the Congress sent the king the Olive Branch Petition. What was this?
Urging the return to harmony with England.
What did King George III do?
Rejected the petition and called the colonist rebels and anyone talking of sedition would be considered a traitor.

38. The Patriots Declare Independence
In months after the Olive Branch Petition, a thin document containing the powerful words of an angry began to circulate and change public opinion.
In Common Sense an anonymous 50-page pamphlet the colonist Thomas Paine attacked King George III.
Paine explained that his own revolt against the king begun with Lexington and Concord.

39. Paine declared that the time had come for colonists to proclaim an independent republic.
Common Sense was so effective because it eased colonists’ fears that they needed Britain to survive.
By early summer 1776, events pushed the Continental Congress toward a decision for their independence.
North Carolina had already declared their independence and Virginians told their delegates they favored independence.
On June 7, 1776 Richard Henry Lee of Virginia moved that these United Colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states.

40. Continental Congress appointed a committee to prepare a formal declaration explaining the reasons for the colonies’ action.
Virginia lawyer Thomas Jefferson known for his broad knowledge and skillfully crafted prose was chosen to express the committee’s points.
Jefferson masterful wrote the Declaration of Independence using the concept of English philosopher John Locke who maintained people enjoy natural rights to “life, liberty, and property.”

41. The reasons to justify the revolt were the following:
When a government fails to protect people’s unalienable rights, these people have a right to rebel and form a government that will protect their rights.
On July 2, 1776 the delegates voted unanimously that the American colonies were free.
On July 4, 1776 they adopted the Declaration of Independence. 56 would sign the document, John Hancock being the first to sign the Declaration of Independence.

42. Those favoring independence (patriots).
To stay loyal to the King or become a rebel.
The exact number of loyalist those who opposed independence and remain loyal to the Crown is unknown.
The loyalist maintained respect for the king and preferred British rule.
The Patriots agreed with Thomas Paine and wanted to be free of tyrannical laws imposed by Britain. 3

46. Declaration of Independence
The Declaration is divided into four parts.
1. Preamble- announces the reason for the document
A section that explains the political principles underlying the rights of the people.
A list of the unfair acts of the British King.
The actual Declaration of Independence from Britain.

47. Valley Forge outside of Philadelphia which served as the site of the Continental Army’s camp during the winter of
The British occupied quarters inside warm homes in Philadelphia.
The Continental Army would have makeshift huts.
Some 2,000 men died at Valley Forge, over two-thirds were killed by disease.
The ordeal at Valley Forge marked a low point for General Washington’s troops.
Washington and his troops were still optimistic about winning and defeating the British.

48. The British had a grand plan of trying to seize New York.
Two brothers General William Howe and Admiral Richard Howe joined forces on Staten Island and sailed into New York with some 32,000 soldiers including mercenaries.
Washington would rally only 23,000 to defend New York and most were untrained and had poor equipment. The Battle of New York ended with the Americans retreating .
Fewer than 8,000 men remained under Washington’s command.
Washington resolved to risk everything on one bold strike set for December 25, 1776.
He led 2,400 men in small boats across the icy Delaware River.

49. By 8:00 the next morning the men had marched 9 miles through the sleet and snow to their objective Trenton, New Jersey the fort was held by the Hessians.
Most of the Hessians were either asleep or past out from the night before.
In a surprise attack Americans killed 30 and captured 918 and six Hessian cannons.

50. Americans were rallied by another astonishing victory eight days later against the British at Princeton.
These two victories restored the soldiers’ confidence after numerous losses and motivated many men to re-enlist and continue to fight for liberty.
Meanwhile one of General Howe’s fellow generals –General John Burgoyne convinced the British command to allow him to pursue a complex scheme to defeat the colonist.
Burgoyne’s troops faced difficult terrain and raids by militia they also ran low on food and General Howe failed to reinforce him when the Continental Army surrounded him at Saratoga.
He had to surrender to General Gates thus Saratoga would be the turning point in American Revolution it caused the British to change their war strategy.

51. Still bitter from the defeat by the British in the French and Indian War he French had secretly sent weapons to the Patriots since early 1776.
Saratoga victory caused the French to trust the Continental Army thus causing them to send support to the colonist.
The French recognized the American Independence and signed an alliance or treaty of cooperation with the Americas in February 1778.
The French agreed not to make peace with Britain unless they recognized the Americans Independence.

52. Colonial Life During the Revolutionary War
The Revolutionary War touched the lives of everyone not just men who fought but everyone.
When the Continental Congress ran out of gold and silver it borrowed money by selling bonds to Americans and foreign investors especially France.
It also printed money called “Continentals.”
As Congress printed more and more money its value plunged causing prices to rise and the result was inflation.
The Congress also struggled to equip the Continental Army.
With British blockades and the colonist reverted to smuggling.
Some Americans even engaged in profiteering- selling scare goods for profit.

53. The major economic problems faced by the colonist was inflation and profiteering.
Women also faced problems as the men went to war they were left to tend to the farms, attend to the shops, and businesses they also cooked and sewed soldiers, some even risked their lives in combat.
Thousands of African-Americans escaped slavery and some were given their freedom if they fought for both sides.

54. Winning the War
Strategic victories in the South at Yorktown enabled the Americans to defeat the British.
The American defeat established the U.S. as an independent nation.
In February 1778, transformation of the rag-tag Continental Army would occur when Prussian Captain Friedrich von Steuben began to teach the soldiers how to stand at attention, execute field maneuvers, fire and reload quickly and wield bayonets.

55. Around the same time another military leader volunteered to help General Washington to shape the Army into a fighting machine Frenchman-Marquis de Lafayette.
The Continental winning battles at Cowpens in South Carolina which caused General Cornwallis to retreat allowed Washington to prepare to fight a major battle.

56. The British Surrender at Yorktown.
A consolidation of good luck and well-trained decisions now favored the American cause.
In 1780 a French Army of 6,000 had landed in Newport, R.I.
The French Army and two French fleets joined with American forces they would attack the British at Yorktown.
On October 17,1781 General Charles Cornwallis would surrendered at Yorktown.

57. In earlier years of the Revolutionary War Benedict Arnold a popular patriot, soldier and leader.
In 1780 Benedict Arnold, decided to hand over West Point, a strategic fort of the North of New York City.
Arnold would be labeled a traitor by both sides.
On September 1783, the delegates signed the Treaty of Paris firmed the U.S. independence and set the boundaries for the new nation.

58. Issues left Unresolved by the Treaty of Paris
The protection of lands belonging to the Native Americans who had allied with the British.
A timetable for British evacuation of their American forts.

59. Treaty of Fort Stanwix:
First treaty between the United States and an Indian nation
Under the treaties terms the Indians ceded most of their land.