1. IB History 2: 20th Century World History
The Year in Review …

2. The 20th Century
The 20th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000, according to the Gregorian calendar.

3. Punctuate the following:
woman without her man is nothing

4. Making sense of the world: Link 3 of the following words together to make a sentence answering for yourself – “this is how the world works”
Chaos
Justice
Negotiation
Prosperity
Poverty
Weakness
Competition
Military
Order
Economy
Power
industrial
Conflict
Respect
Peace
technology
Violent
Opportunity
Progress
conflict
Cooperation
War

6. Stages of Historical Consciousness
History as fact
“This happened.”
History as causal sequence
“Why did this happen?” “What happened before/after?”
History as complexity
“How does this fit into a wider scope of regional/world events?”
“Are there larger ‘patterns’ this fits into?”
History as interpretation
People make things happen – What people made this happen? Why did they make it happen?

7. Causes of War

8. Causes of War, World War I
Entangling Alliances & their consequences
Dual Alliance (1879) – Germany & Austria
Triple Alliance (1882) – added Italy
Dual Entente (1893) – France & Russia
Entente Cordial (1904) – Brits & FR ‘make nice’ …
Anglo-Russian Entente (1907) – Brits & RUS turn
Triple Entente is now formed – FR, RUS, UK
Causes of Militarism/Nationalism
Germany’s Weltpolitik (Schlieffen Plan)

9. Causes of War, World War I
Militarism/Nationalism – Austria
Militarism/Nationalism – Italy
Militarism/Nationalism – Russia
Militarism/Nationalism – France
Consequences – War was inevitable ???
Domestic factors
Germany (Kaiser needed to prove his ‘manhood’?)
Austria-Hungary (needed to ‘unite’ ethnicities)
France (hating on Germany!!!)

10. Causes of War, World War I
Imperialism
They ‘needed’ more stuff!
Places / resources / power
Italy & Germany possessed no colonies and they wanted ‘in’ on the land grab game!!!
Austria-Hungary wanted Balkans
Germany hating on the Brits
Russia is insecure & wants to increase influence in Turkey (straits) & Balkans, too!

11. Causes of War, World War I
Brits & FR rule … but feel their power ‘declining’ …
Brits –
The Middle East market was threatened by Germany and Italy
The China market was being lost to the U.S. and Japan
FR –
Although France was really declining, French governments followed well-thought out expansionist aims overseas and refused to be intimidated
They added to the empire in North Africa (Tunis was added to Algeria) and in eastern Asia in Indo-China
Until 1903, Britain blocked French imperial ambitions; FR hated Britain, too!

12. Causes of War, World War I
Causes of the War
The “isms”
Nationalism
Imperialism
Militarism
Entangling alliances
Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente – Britain, France, Russia
Powder Keg of Europe

13. Unit 1: Causes of War, World War I
Balkan Wars
Growing Russian Support of Serbia
The Assassination
Austria-Hungary believed that:
Serbia and Russia would be restrained by Austrian diplomacy backed by Germany
Russia was utilizing Balkan discontents against Austria-Hungary
A diplomatic offensive was no longer enough
Serbia needed to be “punished or the empire’s role as a great power would be at an end”
If they could prove that Russian protection could not save Serbia from Austria-Hungary’s wrath, the lesson would not be lost on the other Balkan states

14. Causes of War, World War I
Blank Check
AH gives Serbia an Ultimatum … to which Serbia complies (except for Austrian rule) – but war is declared anyway July 28, 1914
On August 1st, 1914, war was declared on Russia
On August 3rd, 1914, war was declared on France
On August 4th, 1914, Germany invaded neutral Belgium; Britain declared war on Germany the same day

15. Causes of War, World War II
Treaty of Versailles
Germans were forced to sign in June 1919
Vengeance, not reconciliation, was the treaty’s dominant tone
Article 231 – “War Guilt Clause” – Germany had to accept everything as their fault
Great Depression
Destroyed the positive and encouraging economic and political developments of the years between 1924 and 1930

16. Causes of War, World War II
The Great Depression – Debts & Reparations
Dawes Plan 1924
Created a cycle:
U.S. banks loaned money to Germany
Germany paid reparations to France and Britain
France and Britain paid war debts to the U.S.
Isolationism in Britain, SERIOUS economic problems in Germany!!!

17. Causes of War, World War II
Failure of the WEIMAR REPUBLIC
Rise of HITLER!!!
Spread of FACISM
Hitler & Mussolini
Aryanism & Lebensraum
Policy of Appeasement – the granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace
BR & FR reasons to ‘appease’ …

18. Causes of War, World War II
Policy of Appeasement
Disarmament Conference (GER withdrew 1933)
German-Polish Non Aggression Pact (Jan 1934)
Anglo-German Naval Agreement (June 1934)
Remilitarization of the Rhineland (1935)
Italian invasion of Abyssinia (Oct 1935)
Spanish Civil War (GER & IT sent weapons)

19. Causes of War, World War II
Neville Chamberlain
Austrian Anschluss (1938)
Sudeten Crisis/Czechoslovakia (1939)
Munich Conference (September 29th)
German occupation of the Sudeten area was agreed to. Chamberlain even got Hitler to sign the a paper promising to settle all future Anglo-German differences by diplomacy
Czechoslovakia (March 1939)
Hitler breached the Munich settlement by taking rest of Czechoslovakia

20. Causes of War, World War II
Hitler signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact on August 23, 1939
Danzig Dispute
Germany wanted it (population was 96% German), Poland didn’t want to give it up (port city!)
Germany invaded Poland September 1st, 1939
Failure of the League of Nations

21. Causes of War, World War II
Summary of the Causes of WWII
The clash of ideologies
Economic pressures and opportunities
Room to cultivate food and move undesirables
Changes in military technology and strategic thought
Long-standing territorial disputes, conflicts of interest, psychological tensions between peoples
Propaganda and coercion
Prestige and material interests
Appeasement and confidence

22. Causes of War, World War II
Remember MAIN!!!
Militarism (naval build up/remilitarization)
Alliances (entaglement!!!)
Imperialism (colonialism/neo-colonialism)
Nationalism (in particular w rise of Hitler!)

23. Effects of War, WWI Discussed Economic Effects first – biggest!!!
Blockades
Britain and Germany relied heavily on imports to feed the population and supply the war industry
Since Britain had a superiority of naval vessels, Germany’s only chance to compete was through U-boats
They used unrestricted submarine warfare to sink any ships in the area of Britain

24. Effects of War, WWI Effects in Germany:
750,000 German civilians died of starvation during and after the war
blockade continued until June 1919 in order to force the Germans to sign the Versailles Treaty
Sinking of the Lusitania & the Zimmerman Telegram (if Mexico were to join Germany in an alliance, they would get Texas and Arizona in return) brought US into war
Deaths – Russia suffered THE MOST! Followed by Germany …

25. Effects of War, WWI
Devastation In Belgium; France; the Balkans, Middle East, and Italy; Africa and the Pacific
Rise of the United States
Inflation is the greatest single economic factor because of massive
War budgets
Demand, which caused shortages of many consumer goods
Virtually every able-bodied person was employed to keep up with the demand
When resources became scarce, nonessential firms, which tended to be small, were simply closed down
This combination of high demand, scarcity, and full employment sent prices soaring, even in the best managed countries

26. Effects of War, WWI Results of inflation were:
Value of money went down
The standard of life went down
People living on fixed incomes or small earnings were hurt the most
Had to plant gardens for food
Had to take odd jobs like repairing clothes

27. Effects of War, WWI
Dawes Plan (& subsequent Young Plan) both failed!!!
Both were designed to help Germany meet its reparation payments
The U.S. would lend money to Germany; Germany would make reparation payments to Britain and France; Britain and France would pay back loans to the U.S.
This made the countries dependent on the U.S.
Defaults led to Great Depression & rise of extreme nationalism!

28. Effects of War, WWI Social effects
Disillusionment (All Quiet on the Western Front)
Trench warfare
Shell Shock
Development of arms race / arms manufacturers became major enterprises
Effects of rationing
Effects on women (rise of public employment)

29. Effects of War, WWI Women’s suffrage Effects on African Americans
Many restrictions on women disappeared during the war. It became acceptable for young, employed, single middle-class women to:
Have their own apartments
Go out without chaperones
Smoke in public
Women's skirts rose above the ankle permanently
Effects on African Americans
Growth of Labor Unions

30. Effects of War, WWI Restrictions of Civil Liberties during war
Propaganda
Armenian Genocide
Influenza
Moved on to Effects of War, WWII
Started w effects on Germany & USSR

31. Effects of War, WWII
German & Soviet “war children” where many women were raped, often repeatedly …
Women were “seen” as collaborators & ostracized from society (FR & DEN)
Holocaust
By May 1945, every 2 out of 3 Jews were murdered
A total of 6 million Jews were killed, along with 2 million others
Communists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Roma and Sinta (gypsies), Socialists, trade unions, homosexuals, Polish and Soviet dissidents, and the mentally and physically disabled were also in the Holocaust

32. Effects of War, WWII Germany: 3 million soldiers killed or missing
½ million civilians killed
Millions more wounded and disabled
Parts of cities were totally flattened
No key industry had suffered more than 20% losses
Conditions were BAD post war in GER!!!

33. Effects of War, WWII Germany Germans were distrusted by Allies
15 million German people expelled from several countries after the war
An estimated 500,000-3 million died in the expulsion
Rehabilitation of Nazis (re-education)
Nuremburg Trials
German Occupation

34. Effects of War, WWII Soviet Union
Relaxed their ideology to maximize the war effort
Propaganda appealed to “Mother Russia” rather than communism
Soldiers could not talk with local populations
Captured Russian soldiers, when repatriated, were sent to the Gulags or simply shot
Rigid censorship in newspapers was imposed

35. Effects of War, WWII Soviet Union: Origins of the Cold War
Different philosophies/ideologies:
Democratic capitalism
Marxist communism
The Western Allies had appeased the growing power of Hitler partly in the hope that he would destroy the Soviet state for them
The USSR had been supplying the Luftwaffe with aircraft fuel with which to fight the Battle of Britain and to bomb British cities in the Blitz
Delays in opening a second front angered the Soviets

36. Effects of War, WWII Soviet Union From the scorched earth policy:
25 million were homeless
Factories were destroyed
Railways disrupted
Farm machinery was almost non-existent
21 million died
1 in 4 Russians were killed or wounded
Lend-lease aid from the U.S. was ended in August 1945
Reparations were exacted from the Soviet zones of Germany and Austria

37. Effects of War, WWII Soviet Union The Soviets wanted Poland because:
Russia wanted a buffer area because they had been invaded many times:
1 time by the French
2 times by the Germans
1 time by the Poles
The Soviets then installed a Polish Communist government

38. Effects of War, WWII
Eastern Europe disappeared from Western sight behind the “iron curtain” of secrecy and isolation
East Germany
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Finland
Yugoslavia
Albania

39. Effects of War, WWII Britain
Britain’s financial situation was dependent on U.S. lend-lease aid
Gave up colonies
Formation of Israel
British controlled Palestine was given the Jews to establish a safe haven and homeland
Greek Civil War ( )
British troops liberated them in 1944
Most of the Greek people didn’t wish to return to pre-war political and social conditions, so they supported the EAM – a communist Greek National Liberation Front

40. Effects of War, WWII France Grave shortages of food and fuel
Infrastructure devastated
Mandates of Syria and Lebanon were given independence during WWII
It was policy to draw a veil over the Vichy years to conciliate and unite the nation
Italy
The perception of Italians was better than the Germans because they entered on the side of the Allies and didn’t commit atrocities on the scale of the Germans

41. Effects of War, WWII US Not so bad off … Truman’s Fair Deal
Japanese internment
GI Bill – Provided federal grants which gave soldiers money for college, to start new small businesses, or build a new home
Baby Boom – Caused an growing need for educational resources
Interstate Highway System – Would be created under Eisenhower’s administration because he saw it as a way to move military supplies around the country quickly. He got the idea from his wartime experiences in Europe (Autobahn)

42. Effects of War, WWII Origins of the Cold War Atomic bomb
The Marshall Plan
Aid through the Marshall Plan was intended to create strong democracies and open new markets for American goods
The Soviet Union was invited to join, but refused
Americans were buying their way into European affairs
Would’ve had to accept it on difficult terms – making vast political reforms and have outside controls
They discouraged their satellite nations from joining as well
Occupation of Japan

43. Effects of War, WWII Psychological, social effects of WWII
Women, minorities, economics
End of European domination, “myth of white supremacy” in the eastern part of the world

44. Single Party States Hitler, Lenin, Stalin = EUR Mao = ASIA
Castro = AMERICAS
Unit 4: Origins of the Cold War
Unit 5: Vietnam
Unit 6: End of the Cold War

45. Foreign Policy of Administrations: Truman (1945-53)
Doctrine:
The policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures
Policies:
Containment – (Kennan) U.S. would resist Soviet attempts to form Communist governments elsewhere in the world
Important Events:
Atomic Bombs Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift Korean War
Potsdam Intervention in Turkey & Greece NATO
Iran Controversy McCarthyism China Is Communist

46. Foreign Policy of Administrations: Eisenhower (1953-61)
Doctrine:
U.S. pledged military and economic aid to Middle Eastern nations threatened by communism
Policies:
Massive Retaliation – (Dulles) roll back communism; use of nuclear weapons; New Look Foreign Policy - Build up SAC (Strategic Air Command) – i.e. Superbombers; Domino Theory – if one country was allowed to fall to communism, then others would fall too
Important Events:
Hungarian Rebellion KGB CIA Suez Crisis Space Race Begins (Sputnik) Lebanon Crisis Summit Conferences U-2 Incident

47. Foreign Policy of Administrations: Kennedy (1961-63)
Doctrine:
Containment of Communism and the reversal of Communist progress in the Western Hemisphere
Policies:
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) – (McNamara) build up your nuclear arsenal so much that the other side will be afraid to attack you; Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) – a plan for the possible launching of a first strike against the Eastern bloc; Flexible Response – (McNamara) an array of military options that depended on the gravity of the crisis at hand
Important Events:
Vietnam War Berlin Wall Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis

48. Foreign Policy of Administrations: Johnson (1963-69)
Doctrine: Domestic revolution in the Western Hemisphere would no longer be a local matter when "the object is the establishment of a Communist dictatorship“ Policies: Vietnam War escalation; Operation Rolling Thunder – authorization of the bombing of North Vietnam; Cointelpro – CIA can turn intelligence operations on domestic activities Important Events: Gulf of Tonkin Incident/Resolution

49. Foreign Policy of Administrations: Nixon (1969-74)
Doctrine: The U.S. would honor its existing defense commitments, but that in the future, Asians and others would have to fight their own wars without the support of large amounts of American ground troops Policies: Vietnamization – turning over the war to the South Vietnamese; Peace With Honor – withdrawing from Vietnam, but leaving not as in a defeat, rather with honor; Détente Important Events: Cambodia Kent State/Jackson State Pentagon Papers 26th Am Paris Peace Agrmt War Powers Act Vietnam ends Ostpolitik

50. Foreign Policy of Administrations: Ford (1974-77)
Doctrine: None Policies: Détente continues; Neoconservatives start to affect policy Important Events: Helsinki Accords

51. Foreign Policy of Administrations: Carter (1977-81)
Doctrine: Would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf region Policies: Tough stand on human rights; Rapid Deployment Force – to respond to crisis in far away places immediately; Wanted young people, including women to register for draft; Neoconservatives are more in gov’t Important Events: Afghanistan War Boycott Moscow Olympics Iran Hostage Crisis SALT II Not Ratified

52. Foreign Policy of Administrations: Reagan (1981-89)
Doctrine: Foster and support irregular forces to overthrow pro-Soviet governments in the Third World Policies: Reagan and other top officials are Neo-conservatives; Believed that an arms race would make the Soviet economy collapse; Nuclear Use Theorists (NUTs) – Reagan and others believed that the U.S. could fight and win a nuclear war; Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) – would vaporize nuclear missiles from space and accelerated arms race Important Events: Solidarity Movement Summits in Berlin Wall Falls