1. Presented By: Sumia Khan
Diabetes Mellitus
Presented By: Sumia Khan
Medical Biotechnology
11/10/2018

2. Outline Introduction Types of Diabetes
Comparison between Different types
Diagnostic tests
Medication
Treatment
Simple Preventions
Situation in Pakistan
Q & A
Medical Biotechnology
11/10/2018

3. Introduction
Diabetes is usually characterized by high glucose blood level.
It is a metabolic disorder.
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11/10/2018

4. Normal metabolic system
Food broken down
Glucose enters the blood
Beta cells in pancreas secrete insulin
Insulin move glucose to different body cells
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11/10/2018

5. Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Type2 Gestational Medical Biotechnology
11/10/2018

6. TYPE1 TYPE 2 IDENTIFICATION You have this when:
Your body makes too little or no insulin
cannot produce insulin or does not use it properly
Common physical attributes found:
None
common in African American, Latino/Hispanic,
Dependency:
Insulin DEP.
Insulin Independent
Onset:
Rapid (weeks)
Slow (years)
Symptoms:
Increased thirst , urination, constant hunger, weight loss
Feeling tired or ill, frequent urination (especially at night),
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Medical Biotechnology

7. IDENTIFICATION TYPE 1 TYPE 2 Affecting Factors: Mostly found in: Cure:
Genetic And auto- immune factors
Genetic, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity .
Mostly found in:
Children/teens before the age of 30
Adults - reason for other name "Adult Onset"
Cure:
None
Physical exercise,
Treatment:
Insulin Injections
Diet, exercise, weight loss, medication. Insulin
Medical Biotechnology
11/10/2018

8. IDENTIFICATION TYPE 1 TYPE 2 Glucose Channels: Insulin Receptors:
Open and absorb
glucose into cell to
be utilized after
induction of insulin
unable to open & Absorb glucose, glucose Cannot be utilized by processes stays in the blood
Insulin Receptors:
Able to be sensitized and cause opening of the glucose channels. Insulin injection is needed.
unable to be sensitized resistant to insulin glucose channels are unable to open
Medical Biotechnology
11/10/2018

9. IDENTIFICATION TYPE 1 TYPE 2 Affected age group: Estimated % of
Between
(maximum
numbers In this
age group)
children who have Type 2 diabetes have a family history of diabetes overweight. develops around puberty.
Estimated % of
occurrence:
5% -10% of the
171 million of
people affected
by diabetes in
2000
90% - 95%-of total cases Although the projected number of Americans in the year 2030 will double from 171 million to 366 million cases.
Medical Biotechnology
11/10/2018

10. Gestational Diabetes:
It is high blood sugar that develops at any time during pregnancy in a woman who does not have diabetes.
chances are high in those who has positive family history for diabetes
during pregnancy period high prevention measure should be taken
baby can also get affected and can develop either diabetes or it can lead towards developmental disabilities.
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11/10/2018

11. Problems related to Diabetes:
eyes
kidneys
nerves. Neuropathy
the blood circulation
teeth and gums
Skin
digestive system
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11/10/2018

12. Diagnostic Tests Fingers stick blood glucose. Fasting plasma glucose.
not to take food 8 hours before taking blood sample
blood glucose level > 126gm/dl = diabetes.
Oral glucose tolerance test.
fasting plasma glucose.
sweet drink having 75gm of sugar. Sample taken after 2 hr.
glucose level > 200mg/dl = diabetes.
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13. Glycosylated hemoglobin or hemoglobin A1c: A best sugar control test.
based on the life span of red blood cells.
how high blood sugar level have had been over 120 days.
Excess glucose of blood hooks on the hemoglobin
% hemoglobin having excess of glucose measured .
test result = 7% = good glucose control.
= 8% = that blood glucose level is too high.
Medical Biotechnology
11/10/2018

14. Medications: Sulfonylureas: stimulate the pancreas to make
more insulin.
Biguanides:
decrease the amount of glucose produced by the liver.
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors:
slow absorption of the starches & glucose production.
Thiazolidinediones:
increase sensitivity to insulin.
Medical Biotechnology
11/10/2018

15. stimulate the pancreas to make more insulin.
Meglitinides:
stimulate the pancreas to make more insulin.
D-phenylalanine derivatives:
Stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin more quickly.
Insulins:
Human insulin less likely to cause allergic reactions than animal- derived .
categorized according to their times of action and duration
Medical Biotechnology
11/10/2018

16. Medical Treatments: Type 1 diabetes:
daily injection of insulin, usually a combination of short-acting and longer acting insulin.
Type 2 diabetes:
three to six months exercise program.
glycosylated hemoglobin will be rechecked.
sulfonylurea or biguanide to help control blood sugar level.
Medical Biotechnology
11/10/2018

17. Simple Prevention: Quit smoking. Maintain healthy weight.
Increase physical activity.
Follow special diet chart.
Drink an adequate amount of water.
Avoid taking too much salt.
Regular checkups for eyes, teeth, feet & skin.
Medical Biotechnology
11/10/2018

18. Situation in pakistan
In 2007, 246 million people world-wide suffered from diabetes
In Pakistan, 6.9 million people are affected
International Diabetes Federation estimating that this number will grow to 11.5 million by
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11/10/2018

19. Medical Biotechnology
11/10/2018