1. The Catholic Church During the Middle Ages
The Roman Catholic Church was very influential during the Middle Ages.
It was the only authority with consistency in Europe
Most church staff were literate in a time when most of Europe was not
The church established universities in Europe
Artwork was commissioned by the church; usually had religious themes
Pope was head of the Catholic Church; bishops under him supervised local priests
Document called the Donation of Constantine provided church with “evidence that the Pope should assume political power as well as spiritual authority
Missionaries spread Christianity throughout Europe – provided a common identity – even as different states in Europe were emerging

3. Stronger Monarchies
Stronger monarchies emerged in the later Middle Ages; had two defining characteristics
Had growing bureaucracies to help govern kingdom
Had organized army controlled by monarch (don’t have to rely as much on lords for their supplies of knights/soldiers)
Hugh Capet established the Capetian Dynasty in France once the Carolingian dynasty split amongst Charlemagne's heirs (1180 A.D. -)
Estates General is created to advise the king – members of the three classes attend (clergy, nobility, commoners)
The EG is rather powerless because it’s the commoners who pay for the government entity through taxes; clergy and nobles have the most political power and rarely decide on issues in favor of the commoners

4. Stronger Monarchies
The Holy Roman Empire is established in 962 A.D. by German king Otto I
Consists of modern day Germany, Switzerland, Austria, etc.
First attempt at unification on behalf of the Germans – many of which convert to Christianity
Otto I is declared Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope when he protects Rome from invasion by other Italian city states – Begins German’s relationship with the Church
William the Conqueror invaded England 1066– Standardized law codes, used sheriffs as his administrative officials
Objections to William and his successors power prompted the Creation of the Magna Carta – Ensured more political rights for the nobles
Right to a trial, consent of the governed, etc.
King John in 1215 was forced to sign the document by the nobles who were angry with large tax hikes and questionable military campaigns
Protections under the Magna Carta did not apply to the commoners though

5. William the Conqueror
King John
Magna Carta

6. The Beginning of the Crusades
1093 A.D. – Muslim Seljuk Turk forces threatened to take the Byzantine capital, Constantinople
Seeking to expand their influence into Europe since Charles Martel defeated them in the Battle of Tours almost 300 years ago in the Battle of Tours (732 A.D.)
Byzantine emperor Alexius I sends a letter to the Pope asking for help against the Turkish forces
Pope Urban II was in power at the time – saw the letter as an opportunity to unite Europe under the Catholic Church (Christianity) and retake Jerusalem, which was taken by the Muslims when the Roman Empire fell apart
Pope Urban II calls a Crusade—a “Holy war”
Protect Constantinople from Muslims
Get back Holy Land/Jerusalem.

7. Pope Urban II
Emperor Alexius I

8. Goals of the Crusades Goals of Crusades:
Protect Constantinople from the Muslims
Reclaim Jerusalem from Muslims – took it after Rome fell
Unify Europe via Christianity – fight for a common cause
Earn land/glory by fighting
Merchants want to gain wealth through trade – will take some Muslim/Asian goods and ideas back to Europe (later influences European age of exploration)
Send away knights who cause trouble or committed crimes – the Pope claimed that if people fought in the holy wars their sins would be forgiven

9. The First and Second Crusades
First Crusade: Armies gather to protect Constantinople in 1097 – The goal is to protect Constantinople and drive out Muslims from Jerusalem
Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099
Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states – tasked with keeping the Holy Land safe and out of Muslim hands – stop the expansion of Islam (The County of Edessa, The Principality of Antioch, The Country of Tripoli, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem)
Saladin—Muslim leader—takes Jerusalem during Second Crusade
Christendom loses the Holy Land/Crusader states at the end of the Second Crusade
Lose the Christian stronghold against the Muslims/Muslim influence
Two other Crusades leading into the 1200s – there was even a children’s crusade, where over 10,000 children sent to Jerusalem to liberate the city
Believed their purity would protect them – Muslims took them as slaves if they didn’t die along the way

10. Saladin

12. 2nd DBQ Body Paragraph
Students will get their first body paragraph back and create a new body paragraph with a different document group
Students will create this body paragraph by themselves
Some document groups you could use are:
Documents 1 and 2 focus on the willingness to fight for or use violence for Islam by Muslims
Documents 3 and 4 offer reasons as to why Muslims are willing to fight to expand Islam
Documents 5 and 6 offer reasons as to why non-Muslims should convert to Islam peacefully

13. 2nd DBQ Body Paragraph (Cont.)
First Sentence: Explains why documents are together
Ex: Documents 1 and 2 share….
2-3 Sentences: Explain how the documents support the thesis
Ex: In document 1, the author states…
2-3 Sentences: Provide POV from one of the documents
Ex: Continuing from document 1, ….