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VOLCANIC ERUPTION IN JAPAN Saturday, September 27, 2014

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1 VOLCANIC ERUPTION IN JAPAN Saturday, September 27, 2014
lecture by Walter Hays Uploading date: September 30, 2014 Last update on October 01, 2014 More lectures at Disasters Supercourse -  PPT original - Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

2 MOUNT ONTAKE ERUPTS AFTER 35 YEARS OF DORMANCY
ONTAKE, ONE OF 100 ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN JAPAN, ERUPTED A LITTLE BEFORE NOON ON SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

3 MOUNT ONTAKE: SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

4 MOUNT ONTAKE: SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

5 MOUNT ONTAKE: SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

6 PHYSICAL IMPACTS With a sound likened to thunder, the 10,065 foot (3,067 m) high volcano spewed large white plumes of gas and ash high into the atmosphere and blanketed the top and surrounding area with volcanic debris and ash reaching thicknesses of 50 cm or more.

7 MOUNT ONTAKE COVERED WITH ASH

8 MOUNT ONTAKE COVERED WITH ASH

9 LOCAL IMPACTS The mountain is a popular climbing destination, and at least 250 people were initially trapped on the slopes. At least 30 were killed; most made their way down by Saturday night, but the injured, unable to descend the 10,062-foot mountain on their own, stayed in mountain lodges.

10 HIKERS RETURNING: SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

11 HIKERS RETURNING: SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

12 INJURED HIKERS HAD TO TAKE REFUGE IN ASH-COVERED LODGES

13 SATURDAY: INITIAL S AND R WITH HELOCOPTERS

14 THE REST OF THE STORY On Sunday, a large plume of ash continued to rise from the ash-covered summit of Mount Ontake. A convoy of red fire trucks, sirens blaring, rescue workers on foot, and helicopters headed into the restricted zone around the mountain for search and rescue operations.

15 SUNDAY: BEGINNING OF S AND R OPRATIONS

16 MOUNT ONTAKE: SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 28, 2014

17 SUNDAY: S AND R WORKERS GOING THE WRONG WAY

18 Sunday: Rescue workers had to suspend S and R operations due to toxic gases and volcano-induced seismic activity

19 MONDAY: RESCUE WORKERS ABLE TO REACH ASH-COVERED TOP

20 MONDAY: RESCUE WORKERS ABLE TO REACH ASH-COVERED TOP

21 A HORRIFIC SCENE Rescue crews found harrowing situations near the mountaintop; the typical scenes were of victims buried in ash with their arms and legs emerging from gray volcanic dust, or of bodies pressed between rocks where they were trying to find shelter.

22 Tuesday: S and R operations were suspended as Mount Ontake continued shaking violently and coughing out toxic steam.

23 DEATH TOLL REACHES 36 AT LEAST 69 INJURED

24 BACKGROUND

25 Natural Phenomena That Cause Disasters
Planet Earth’s heat flow causes movement of lithospheric plates, which causes sub-duction, which causes VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

26 ELEMENTS OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS AND RISK

27 ELEMENTS OF RISK HAZARDS EXPOSURE RISK VULNERABILITY LOCATION

28 VOLCANOES PART OF THE PACIFIC “RING OF FIRE,” JAPAN HAS ACTIVE VOLCANOES AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX SUBDUCTION OF THE PACIFIC PLATE BENEATH THE EURASIAN PLATE

29 100 OF THE WORLD’S 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES ARE IN JAPAN

30 LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS FLYING DEBRIS ASH PLUME AND GASES
CAUSES OF RISK LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS FLYING DEBRIS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ASH PLUME AND GASES LAVA FLOWS CASE HISTORIES LAHARS TOXIC GASES

31 VOLCANO HAZARDS CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
VERTICAL PLUME (can affect jet aircraft) ASH AND TEPHRA LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC CLOUDS, BURSTS, AND FLOWS

32 VOLCANO HAZARDS CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS
LAVA FLOWS LAHARS (can bury villages) EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava) “VOLCANIC WINTER” (causing famine and mass extinctions)

33 A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., a volcanic eruption, …) intersect at a point in space and time.

34 THE REASONS ARE . . . The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.

35 THE REASONS ARE . . . The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen from a “low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences” event.

36 THE REASONS ARE . . . The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.

37 THE REASONS ARE . . . The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

38 THE REASONS ARE . . . The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

39 THE ALTERNATIVE TO A VOLCANO DISASTER IS VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE

40 THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE: 1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES, 2) BE PREPARED 3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM 4) EVACUATE 5) LEARN FROM THE EXPERIENCE AND START OVER

41 GOAL: VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE
VOLCANO HAZARDS PEOPLE & BLDGS. VULNERABILITY LOCATION VOLCANO RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK RISK GOAL: VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE JAPAN’S COMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EARLY WARNING EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

42 TECHNOLOGIES FOR MONITORING, FORECASTING, AND WARNING ARE VITAL FOR SURVIVAL.

43 AIR AND LAND MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES ARE VITAL
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