1. Bosnia in Turmoil Geography 308 Russia and Eastern Europe
Professor Zoltan Grossman
University of Wisconsin – Eau Claire
Spring 2005

3. Ethnic Majorities Bosniaks – 48% (Bosnian Muslims) Serbs – 37.1%
Croats – 14.3%

4. Bosnia and Herzegovina
1991

5. War between Muslims, Croats and Serbs in Bosnia in 1992-1995.
How did this happen?
Who was responsible?
1995 results of ethnic cleansing
Grossman’s EastEuropeEthnic308 Power Point Presentation

6. WWII Yugoslavia invaded by Nazi Germany and partitioned
Resistance movement led by Josip Tito
After Germany’s defeat, Tito reunified Yugoslavia
Merged Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Kosovo, and Vojovodina.
1980 Tito died and w/o strong leadership the country plunged into political and economic chaos.

7. Slobodan Milosevic Slobodan Milosevic emerged as leader of Yugoslavia
Used nationalism and religious hatreds to gain power
Inflamed tensions between Serbs and Muslims (Bosniaks)

8. June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia declare independence from Yugoslavia
January 9, 1992 Bosnian Serbs declare their own state within Bosnia and Herzegovina and claim Sarajevo as their capital
March 3rd, 1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina declare independence from Yugoslavia, strongly backed by the Muslim and Croat population

9. Europeans and the United States chose not to get involved militarily
Recognized independence of Slovenia and Croatia

10. April 5th, Serb snipers open fire on a crowd of peace demonstrators in Sarajevo and start their quest for their own ethnically pure republic and Serbia begins to supply Bosnian Serbs with weaponry

11. UN prohibits troops from interfering militarily.
Bosnian Serbs hold high ground outside of Sarajevo and start the siege of Sarajevo
By the end the war, over 11,000 civilians had died in Sarajevo from sniper fire, bombardment, and ethnic cleansing
UN prohibits troops from interfering militarily.

12. Bosnia enters the UN Yugoslavia had been a member of the UN
May 22nd, 1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as Slovenia and Croatia become members of the United Nations

13. Failing Relations
July of 1992 Bosnian Croats still hanging on to 1/5 of Bosnia declare independence from Bosnia as “Herceg-Bosna”
Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats begin to fight over the last 30% of Bosnia

14. United Nations
UN deploys 1,000 “Blue Helmets” to the Sarajevo airport in an attempt to create a safe zone and to provide humanitarian assistance in June 1992
Between April and May 1993 the UN declares Sarajevo, Tuzla, Bihac, Srebrenica, Zepa and Gorazde safe areas for Bosnian Muslims.
Srebrenica is later the site of the worst massacre of the war

15. March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats in Bosnia signed a peace treaty
New flag of Bosnia after 1995
March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats in Bosnia signed a peace treaty
The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is created and Bosniaks and Croats once again fight together against the Serbs

16. U.S. Operation Deliberate Force

17. Srebrenica Massacre July 1995
Labeled a Gendercide since military-age men were targeted
Intercepted radio message, "You must kill everyone. We don't need anyone alive,” from Bosnian Serb General Radivoj Krstic.

18. Red Cross estimates 7,079 dead and missing in Srebrenica alone
Red Cross estimates 7,079 dead and missing in Srebrenica alone
Other estimates from 8,000 to 10,000

20. Dayton Accords
December 14, 1995 the nationalist militia goals were somewhat reached with the official division of Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs within Bosnia
278,000 dead and missing
1,325,000 refugees and exiles from Bosnia and Herzegovina

21. Dayton Accord Line of 1995
Separates Bosnian Serbs in “Republika Srpska” from Bosniaks and Croats in the “Muslim-Croat Federation”
Grossman’s EastEuropeEthnic308 Power Point Presentation

22. http://images. search. yahoo. com/search/images/view

23. Aftermath
Much of Sarajevo’s beauty as seen by the world during the 1984 Summer Olympics is reduced to a massive pile of rubble, as well as many other areas of Bosnia

24. Caution: Minefield!
During the war, 2 to 3 million mines are sewn throughout Bosnia as a terror technique by the Serbian army and other forces
Humanitarian efforts still exist today to disarm the countless minefields

25. http://www. mech. uwa. edu. au/jpt/demining/countries/balkans/sara3

26. Casualties from Mines