1. CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND CONFORMITY
SOCIOLOGY
CHAPTER 2
CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND CONFORMITY

2. SECTION 1

3. COMPONENTS OF ALL CULTURE
TECHNOLOGY: RULES FOR USING OBJECTS
SYMBOLS: HAS SHARED MEANING
EX. FLAGS, SONGS, JEWELRY
LANGUAGE: MOST DIRECTLY LINKED TO COMMUNICATION, ORGANIZATION OF WRITTEN OR SPOKEN SYMBOLS INTO A STANDARDIZED SYSTEM
VALUES: SHARED BELIEF ABOUT WHAT IS GOOD/BAD, RIGHT/WRONG

4. MATERIAL AND NON-MATERIAL PRODUCTS
CULTURE
ALL OF THE SHARED PRODUCTS OF A HUMAN GROUPS
MATERIAL AND NON-MATERIAL PRODUCTS

5. SOCIETY A GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE BECOME INTERDEPENDENT
SHARE COMMON CULTURE
PEOPLE

6. NONMATERIAL CULTURE ABSTRACT HUMAN CREATIONS
EX. RULES, BELIEFS, FAMILY PATTERNS, IDEAS, ETC.

7. MATERIAL CULTURE MAN-MADE PHYSICAL OBJECTS THAT ARE PART OF CULTURE
BUILDINGS, CARS, CLOTHES, ETC.

8. NORMS EXPECTATIONS FOR BEHAVIOR (NOT ACTUAL BEHAVIOR)
CREATED TO ENFORCE CULTURAL VALUES
TELL PEOPLE HOW TO ACT IN CERTAIN SITUATIONS
EX. STAND FOR THE AMERICAN FLAG, COVER YOUR MOUTH WHEN YOU SNEEZE, DON’T TALK WITH YOUR MOUTH FULL

9. TWO TYPES OF NORMS 1. MORES: GREAT MORAL SIGNIFICANCE ATTACHED
VIOLATION OF THESE WOULD ENDANGER SOCIETY’S STABILITY AND WELL-BEING
HAVE LAWS TO ENFORCE SERIOUS MORES

10. OUTLINE COMMON CUSTOMS
2. FOLKWAYS
DESCRIBES SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR BUT DOESN’T HAVE GREAT MORAL SIGNIFICANCE
OUTLINE COMMON CUSTOMS
DO HOMEWORK, DON’T CUT IN LINE, ETC.
NOT FOLLOWING THESE CAN RESULT IN A REPRIMAND OR MINOR PUNISHMENT
SOME HAVE LAWS LIKE PARKING IN A “HANDICAPPED” ZONE WITHOUT A TAG

11. SECTION 2

12. CULTURAL UNIVERSALS COMMON TO ALL CULTURES
ENSURE FULFILLMENT OF SOME NEEDS
EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES
EX. HAVING DINNER WITH FRIENDS AND FAMILY,
GIFT GIVING

13. CULTURAL UNIVERSALS CONT. GEORGE MURDOCK
ARTS AND LEISURE
BASIC NEEDS
BELIEFS
COMMUNICATION AND EDUCATION
FAMILY: PURPOSE OF FOR CHILD CARE
GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMY
TECHNOLOGY

14. SUBCULTURE
GROUP THAT SHARES VALUES, NORMS, AND BEHAVIORS THAT ARE NOT SHARED BY THE ENTIRE POPULATION
HAVE UNIQUE CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
MOST DON’T REJECT ALL OF THE PRACTICES OF THE LARGER SOCIETY

15. COUNTERCULTURE
WHEN A GROUP REJECTS THE MAJOR VALUES AND NORMS OF THE LARGER SOCIETY AND REPLACES THEM WITH A NEW SET OF CULTURAL PATTERNS
EX. ORGANIZED CRIME, PROTESTERS, ETC.

16. CULTURAL RELATIVISM
CULTURES SHOULD BE JUDGED BY THEIR OWN STANDARDS RATHER THAN APPLYING THE STANDARDS OF OTHER CULTURES

17. ETHNOCENTRISM
VIEW OWN CULTURE AND GROUP AS SUPERIOR EX. MY SCHOOL IS THE BEST CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE: ONE GROUP MAY SEE THE OTHER AS INFERIOR CAN ENCOURAGE DISCRIMINATION

18. CULTURAL TRAITS
IDEAS
BELIEFS
MATERIAL OBJECTS
NONMATERIAL OBJECTS

19. CULTURAL DIFFUSION
PROCESS OF SPREADING CULTURAL TRAITS FROM ONE SOCIETY TO ANOTHER
EX. MUSIC, INTERNET, ETC.

20. CULTURAL LAG
PART OF CULTURE THAT THAT CHANGES LESS RAPIDLY THAN OTHER PARTS
THE TIME IT TAKES FOR NEW IDEAS AND BELIEFS TO CATCH ON
EX. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES

21. GLOBALIZATION
DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS THAT STRETCH AROUND THE WORLD

22. CULTURAL LEVELING
THE PROCESS IN WHICH CULTURES BECOME MORE AND MORE ALIKE

23. SECTION 3

24. AMERICAN VALUES PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT PROGRESS AND MATERIAL COMFORT
WORK
INDIVIDUALISM
EFFICIENCY AND PRACTICALITY
MORALITY AND HUMANITARIANISM
EQUALITY AND DEMOCRACY
FREEDOM

25. SELF-FULFILLMENT
COMMITMENT TO THE FULL DEVELOPMENT OF ONE’S PERSONALITY, TALENTS, AND POTENTIAL

26. EXTREME SELF-CENTEREDNESS
NARCISSISM
EXTREME SELF-CENTEREDNESS