1. Civil War
Period 5
1844 – 1877

2. 1860 Election
Lincoln’s election signaled the beginning of the end for slavery
Crittenden Compromise
Constitutional amendment to protect slavery from federal interference where it already existed
Expansion of the MO Compromise line (36’ 30º) to CA border
Lincoln feared the Crittenden Compromise would unleash new imperialist adventures

3. Secession 1860 – S. Carolina secedes
Confederate States of America – Pres. Jefferson Davis
Border states remain in the Union – MO, KY, DE, & MD
Would give the south more men to fight in the war
Manufacturing capacity
Strategic geographic location
“Very important that the traitors shall be the aggressors”
The north does not believe that the South is actually going to secede from the Union.
South Carolina votes unanimously to leave the union (Dec. 20, 1860). Other states follow: MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX, TN, NC, AR & VA (some joined after Lincoln mobilized troops after Fort Sumter)
It was critical that Lincoln maintain the border states in the Union. It was a strategic move on the side of the Union.

4. The spark… Fort Sumter (April 1861) Strategies: SC demands the fort
Lincoln sends supplies; Davis orders the firing on the fort
Major Anderson surrenders
Southern victory
Strategies:
South: defensive war to protect their territory (don’t lose)
North: has to defeat the South
Anaconda Plan – blockade by sea, control MS River & “squeeze” the South
Fort Sumter, SC
Southern victory at Fort Sumter gives them a false sense of success. They may have won the battle but you started a war.

5. Anaconda Plan

6. North Industrial resources Transportation – railroads Powerful navy
Advantages
Disadvantages
Industrial resources
Transportation – railroads
Powerful navy
Esta gov’t
Population
22 million in North
9 million in South
Lack of military leadership
Lack of purpose
Let the South go
Lincoln replaced his generals often because he felt they weren’t aggressive enough. General George McClellan had been replaced by Lincoln twice.

7. South Fighting a defensive war Sense of purpose
advantages
disadvantages
Fighting a defensive war
Sense of purpose
Veteran military officials
Cotton Diplomacy
Hoped to get aid from Europe b/c of their dependence on cotton
No navy
No govt structure
Poorly equipped
No railroads
No manufacturing
Poor grain harvest in Britain required them to depend on American Midwest wheat. King Wheat stood triumphant.

9. Total War
Conscription (draft) – all men 20 – 45 yrs old had to register for the draft
Confederacy (April 1862); Union passed Conscription Act (March 1863)
$300 substitutes
NY Draft Riots – wealthy & African Americans attacked
Germans & Irish refused to serve
“20 Negro Law” in the South
Suspension of Habeas Corpus
Temporary imprisoned southern sympathizers
For every 20 slaves a southern planter had, they could exempt one white man (the planter, a son or an overseer)
“Rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight”
New immigrants (Germans & Irish) do not want to serve in the war. They feel Lincoln was drafting poor whites to liberate enslaved blacks who would then flood the cities and take their jobs

10. Business of War Embalmers Women & war
Preserve bodies
Women & war
Nurses (Dorothea Dix)
New jobs: farms, teachers, factories, spies, soldiers
New industries to provide soldiers w/ necessities
Govt-assisted economic development
Tariffs (40%)
Boost agricultural output – Homestead Act 1862
Expanded transportation system
“Contrabands” – slaves who reached Union camps
New rail lines were built to transport hogs and cattle to cities for processing  prosperity to many Midwestern farmers and meatpacking entrepreneurs.
Confiscation Act (Aug 1861) – authorized the seizure of all property, including slaves, used to support the rebellion

11. Emancipation proclamation
Following the Battle of Antietam
Union victory
Justified as military necessity
Declared slaves free in rebel territory
Does not free slaves in border states
Impact
Strengthened the moral cause of the North
New soldiers for Union Army
A-A see this as an opportunity to prove their citizenship
The proclamation legally abolished slavery in all states that were still in rebellion on January 1, The rebel states could preserve slavery by renouncing secession. None chose to do so. Now the old south must be destroyed.
In the North, some white voters unleashed a racist backlash. Nativist want blacks and Irish to leave the continent.