1. Module K Emergency Aid

2. Today we will cover: How to help someone who: is unconscious
is unconscious and not breathing
is bleeding
has a burn
has heat exhaustion
has hypothermia
is chocking

3. Today we will cover: How to help someone who:
is having an asthma attack
is having a heart attack
has a head injury
has a suspected spinal injury
has a broken bone
has a sprain or strain
has meningitis

4. Asthma Attack What you may see: Difficulty in breathing Wheezing
Difficulty speaking
Distress and anxiety.

5. Asthma

6. What you should do if someone is having an asthma attack:
Reassure the casualty
Help the casualty to use their inhaler
Help the casualty into a comfortable position
Use inhaler every two minutes if required
Maximum 10 puffs
999/112 if condition worsens or no improvement
Casualty to continue to use their inhaler if required.

8. Asthma Attack Treatment

9. Bites & Stings

10. Bites and Stings What you will see:
The severity will depend on what has bitten or stung the casualty
A severe allergic reaction is a possible complication.

11. What you should do if someone is stung or bitten:
Reassure the casualty and scrape off the sting if necessary
Raise the bitten or stung area, if possible
Apply an icepack
If the pain or swelling continues tell the casualty to seek medical help.

12. Bleeding

13. Minor bleeding What you will see:
Blood oozing from the wound or dripping from the nose
Signs of shock.

14. What you should do nosebleed:
Sit the casualty down, leaning forward
Get them to pinch the soft part of their nose for 10 minutes and check to see if the bleeding has stopped
Try this 3 times for a maximum 30 minutes
Once the bleeding has stopped clean the area
If the bleeding is severe seek medical help.

15. What you should do nosebleed:
Sit the casualty down, leaning forward
Get them to pinch the soft part of their nose for 10 minutes and check to see if the bleeding has stopped
Try this 3 times for a maximum 30 minutes
Once the bleeding has stopped clean the area
If the bleeding is severe seek medical help.

16. Sprains, Strains & Bones

17. Bone, muscle and joint injuries
Definitions:
Fracture – a crack or break in the bone
Dislocation – a bone in a joint that has moved out of place
Sprains and strains – damage to soft tissues.

18. What you will see: Swelling Bruising
Difficulty moving the injured limb
Pain.

19. What you should do with strains and sprains:
Rest the injury
Ice - apply a cold compress or icepack
Comfortable support
Elevate the injured limb.

20. Burns & Scalds

21. Causes of burns and scalds:
Burns are caused by dry heat
fire
hot objects
electricity
Scalds are caused by wet heat
hot liquids
steam

22. What you will see:
Initially:
Redness
Swelling
Later:
Blisters.

23. What you should do: Cold running water for a minimum of 10 minutes.
Remove any jewellery
Apply a sterile dressing or cling film
Treat the casualty for shock if necessary
Seek medical help if necessary.

24. Chest Pains

25. What you may see chest pains- heart attack:
Pain in chest which can spread down one or both arms and to the jaw
Grey skin
Blue tinge to lips
Sweating
Sudden collapse
Pain does NOT get better with rest.

26. What you may see chest pains- heart attack:
Pain in chest which can spread down one or both arms and to the jaw
Grey skin
Blue tinge to lips
Sweating
Sudden collapse
Pain does NOT get better with rest.

27. Chocking

28. What you may see chocking:
Difficulty with speaking or breathing (mild obstruction)
Unable to speak or breathe (complete obstruction)
Red or purple colour around the neck and face, casualty may turn blue
Pointing to or grasping the mouth or throat.

29. What you should do: Ask: “Are you choking?” Give up to five back blows
Give up to five abdominal thrusts
Call 999/112 and repeat until obstruction removed or help arrives
If abdominal thrusts have been used seek medical advice.

31. Hypothermia

32. What you may see Hypothermia:
Shivering
Pale, dry skin
Slow and shallow breathing
Slow pulse.

33. What you should do if they are outside:
Bring the casualty inside if possible
Protect them from the cold ground
Replace wet clothing with dry clothing
Dial 999 or 112 for help
Help to re-warm the casualty by giving them warm drinks and high energy foods
Monitor their vital signs.

34. What you should do if they are inside:
Help to re-warm them
Give the casualty a warm drink and high energy foods
Seek medical advice
Monitor and record the casualty’s breathing, level of response and temperature

35. Diabetes

36. What you may see hypo attack diabetes:
Weakness
Sweating with cold, clammy skin
Feeling faint
Hunger
Strange actions or behaviour
The casualty’s responses may get worse.

37. What you should do: Assist the casualty to sit down
Give the casualty a sugary drink or three sugar lumps or sweets
If they respond quickly give them more sugary food or drinks
If they don’t respond, dial 999 or 112 for an ambulance and monitor their breathing while waiting for help.

38. Burns & Scalds

39. Meningitis
Meningitis is an infection of the meninges - the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
Viral meningitis is the most common

40. Key things to look for are:
Flu-like illness with a temperature
Cold hands and feet
Joint and limb pain
Blotchy or very pale skin.
If someone has meningitis, they won’t usually show all the symptoms and signs at the same time.

41. As the meningitis infection develops:
Severe headache
Neck stiffness
Vomiting
Eyes become sensitive to light
Drowsiness
Later you may see a distinctive rash of red or purple spots that doesn’t fade when pressed

42. What you need to do:
If you suspect a casualty has meningitis call 999 or 112 straight away and treat the fever
Check the them for a sign of a rash
While you’re waiting for help to arrive, reassure them and keep them cool
Keep checking their breathing, and level of response.

43. Allergic Reactions

44. Common triggers for allergic reactions:
foods such as peanuts and shellfish
insect stings
injection of drugs
touching or inhaling materials.

45. What you could see:
red, blotchy skin
swelling of the tongue and the throat
difficulty breathing
This is a potentially fatal condition that can develop quickly.

46. What you should do: dial 999 or 112 for an ambulance
help the casualty use their auto-injector
if possible, help the casualty to sit in a position that allows them to breathe more easily
treat for shock.

47. Auto-Injectors

48. Medical Alerts

49. Seizures

50. Seizures What you may see:
sudden unresponsiveness
rigid body and arching back
convulsions
after the seizure the muscles will relax
the casualty may feel very tired and fall into a deep sleep

51. What you should do Seizures:
make space around the casualty and move bystanders away, record the time the seizure began
remove dangerous objects or pad around them if they can’t be moved
when the seizure has finished be prepared to place them into the recovery position.

52. What you may see Absence seizure:
suddenly switching off
blank staring
small twitching movements
repetitive movements such as lip smacking

53. What you should do Absence seizure:
help the casualty to sit in a quiet place
remove any potential dangers
reassure the casualty
stay with the casualty until they are fully recovered

54. CPR

55. CPR
CPR is used when a casualty has stopped breathing or has irregular breathing (agonal breathing)
The DR ABC sequence must be performed before carrying out CPR
If the casualty is not breathing dial 999 for an ambulance
Give chest compressions
This should be continued until the ambulance arrives.

56. Chain of Survival Early Intervention Early CPR Early Defibrillation
Post resuscitation care

58. Resuscitation- Chest Compressions

59. AED (automated external defibrillator)