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55. Machiavelli: Florentine statesman who wrote The Prince which advises rulers to be good when possible, but be evil when necessary. The end justifies the means.
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56. Leonardo da Vinci: Italian Renaissance artist who painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper. His use of shading created mood and depth in his paintings.
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57. Michelangelo: Italian Renaissance artist who sculpted the David and painted the Sistine Ceiling. He painted ideal forms of religious subjects based on classical Greek and Roman art.
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58. Petrarch: Italian Renaissance humanist.
He wrote classical Latin and in the vernacular. His writings celebrated human accomplishments and potential.
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59. Erasmus: Northern renaissance Christian humanist.
He promoted reform of the Catholic Church. He wrote The Praise of Folly.
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60. Sir Thomas Moore Northern Renaissance Christian humanist.
He wrote Utopia which describes a perfect society where there is no war, money, greed, or crime.
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61. Johannes Gutenberg: Invented the printing press in 1440.
The first printing of the Bible was in 1445. Ideas of the Renaissance spread quickly due to the availability of books.
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SOL Review Places (starting with #15)
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1. Stonehenge Neolithic Structure in Western England built as a calendar or religious site
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2. Ancient Egypt Nile River Valley civilization that created the calendar, pyramid and hieroglyphics
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3. Mesopotamia Land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Sumerian civilization created the wheel, plow, sail, ziggurats and cuneiform
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15. Athens Greek city-state on Attica which reached its Golden Age in the 440s BC under Pericles. It created the first direct democracy and introduced philosophy and classical theatre to the world.
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16. Peloponnesus Greek peninsula controlled by Sparta
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17. Dardanelles: Strait that led from the Aegean Sea into the Sea of Marmarma and into the Black Sea. Control over this strait may have caused the Trojan War.
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18. Troy: City-state on the coast of Anatolia near the Dardanelles.
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19. Macedonia: Located just north of Greece.
Macedonia conquered Greece in the late 300s BC.
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20. Marathon and Salamis: Battles during the Persian Wars of the late 400s BC in which the Greeks were victorious.
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21. Parthenon: Temple to the goddess Athena located on the acropolis in Athens.
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22. Rome: Capital of the Roman Empire and of the Papal States.
The sack of Rome in 476 AD marks the beginning of the Middle Ages.
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23. Italian Peninsula Boot-shaped peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean. Home of the Roman Republic, Roman Empire, and of the Renaissance.
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24. Alps Mountain range that separates and protected the Italian peninsula from northern Europe.
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25. Carthage Phoenician city-state on the North African coast that rivaled Rome for control of the Mediterranean. Lost the Punic Wars to Rome in the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC.
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26. Gaul: France. Conquered by Julius Caesar by 50BC in the Gallic Wars.
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27. Byzantium: City on the Black Sea that was a cross-roads of trade between Western Europe and Asia.
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28. Constantinople: Byzantium was renamed for the Emperor Constantine who moved the capital of the Roman Empire to this city on the Black Sea.
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29. Hagia Sophia: East Orthodox church in Constantinople that had a dome supported on a rectangular base.
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30. Mecca & Medina Holy cities for Muslims.
Located on the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula.
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31. Dome of the Rock: Muslim mosque in Jerusalem.
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32. Monasteries and Convents:
Retreats for monks and nuns which became centers of education and welfare during the Middle Ages.
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33. Manor & Castle: Estate and fortified home of the medieval lords and vassals. Manors were self- sufficient estates.
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34. Scandinavia Northern Europe
In the Middle Ages Vikings came from Scandinavia and went into Russia.
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35. Kievan Russia On Dnieper River north of the Black Sea
Early Slavs and Vikings settled there After they left it became home to Christians linked to the Byzantine Empire
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36. Trans-Saharan Trade routes across north Africa where mostly gold and salt were traded
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37. Ethiopian Highlands Sub-Saharan Africa near the Nile River where Christian Axum was located.
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38. Zambezi & Limpopo Rivers
In sub-Saharan Africa near the Indian Ocean coast where the “Great Zimbabwe” empire developed.
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39. Niger River & Sahara West Africa where Ghana, Mali, & Songhai empires developed and the city of Timbuktu. Religion: Animism and Islam
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40. Timbuktu West Africa center of trade and learning
Near Niger River and Sahara
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41. Chichen Itza Located in Mexican & Central American rainforest
Home to the Mayan civilization
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42. Tenochtitlan Arid valley in Central Mexico Home to the Aztecs
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43. Machu Pichu & Cusco Andes Mts. of South America Home to the Incas
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44. Paris France Hugh Capet established his throne there.
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45. Moscow Western Russia Ivan the Great threw off the Mongols & centralized power in Moscow
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46. London England (Anglo-Saxons)
Many died by the Plague which they tried to contain by burning the city This caused the London fires for 4 days and 4/5 of the city was destroyed
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47. Aix-la-Chapelle: In Germany near the Rhine River
Palace of Charlemagne Center of his Frankish Empire
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48-50. Florence, Venice, Genoa
Northern Italy Renaissance city-states governed as republics Had access to trade routes connecting Europe w/ Middle East markets Trade Centers
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51. Milan Northern Italy on Lombardy plains
Renaissance city-states governed as republics Main city of northern Italy Trade Center
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52. Islands of Japan: Close to China & Korea
Archipelago (four main islands) The Sea of Japan or East Sea is between Japan and Asia mainland Shinto & Buddhism religions coexist there
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SOL Review Religion
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Hinduism Founder: mix of Aryan and non-Aryan beliefs and gods
Beliefs: Caste system, many forms of one major deity, Reincarnation, Karma Holy Text: Vedas, Upanishads Location: India Dates: 750 & 550 BC
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Buddhism Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
Beliefs: Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path to Enlightenment- Nirvana Holy Text: (Four Noble Truths) Location: India (Nepal) & spread to China, Japan, and throughout Asia Dates: 563 BC
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Judaism Founder: Abraham Beliefs: one God (monotheism) Yahweh
Holy Text: Torah, Ten Commandments (Moses) Location: Jerusalem Dates: 2000 BC
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Christianity Founder: Jesus
Beliefs: Jesus was the Messiah who was both son of God and incarnation of God, life after death, monotheism Holy Text: New Testament, Bible Location: Judea and spread to Rome by apostle Paul Dates: around 29 AD
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Islam Founder: Muhammad
Beliefs: Muhammad was the last Prophet, monotheism (Allah), 5 pillars of Islam, acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets (Moses & Jesus) Holy Text: Quran (Koran) Location: across Asia & Africa, & into Spain Dates: 7th century AD
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Confucianism Founder: Confucius
Beliefs: humans are good not bad, respect for elders, code of politeness still used in China today, emphasis on education, ancestor worship, yin/yang, bureaucracy Holy Text: Analects (his ideas recorded by his students) Location: China Dates: 551 BC
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Daoism (Taoism) Founder: Laozi
Beliefs: Humility, simple life and inner peace, harmony with nature, yin/yang Holy Text: Tao Te Ching “the way” Location: China Dates: 6th century BC
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Shinto Founder: ? Beliefs: kami: natural features, forces of nature, and ancestors, state religion; worshipping the emperor, coexist with Buddhism Holy Text: (kami) Location: unique to Japan Dates: Middle Ages (declined after WWII)
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