1. 55. Machiavelli:
Florentine statesman who wrote The Prince which advises rulers to be good when possible, but be evil when necessary.
The end justifies the means.

2. 56. Leonardo da Vinci:
Italian Renaissance artist who painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.
His use of shading created mood and depth in his paintings.

3. 57. Michelangelo:
Italian Renaissance artist who sculpted the David and painted the Sistine Ceiling.
He painted ideal forms of religious subjects based on classical Greek and Roman art.

4. 58. Petrarch: Italian Renaissance humanist.
He wrote classical Latin and in the vernacular.
His writings celebrated human accomplishments and potential.

5. 59. Erasmus: Northern renaissance Christian humanist.
He promoted reform of the Catholic Church.
He wrote The Praise of Folly.

6. 60. Sir Thomas Moore Northern Renaissance Christian humanist.
He wrote Utopia which describes a perfect society where there is no war, money, greed, or crime.

7. 61. Johannes Gutenberg: Invented the printing press in 1440.
The first printing of the Bible was in 1445.
Ideas of the Renaissance spread quickly due to the availability of books.

8. SOL Review
Places
(starting with #15)

9. 1. Stonehenge
Neolithic Structure in Western England built as a calendar or religious site

10. 2. Ancient Egypt
Nile River Valley civilization that created the calendar, pyramid and hieroglyphics

11. 3. Mesopotamia Land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Sumerian civilization created the wheel, plow, sail, ziggurats and cuneiform

12. 15. Athens
Greek city-state on Attica which reached its Golden Age in the 440s BC under Pericles.
It created the first direct democracy and introduced philosophy and classical theatre to the world.

13. 16. Peloponnesus
Greek peninsula controlled by Sparta

14. 17. Dardanelles:
Strait that led from the Aegean Sea into the Sea of Marmarma and into the Black Sea.
Control over this strait may have caused the Trojan War.

15. 18. Troy:
City-state on the coast of Anatolia near the Dardanelles.

16. 19. Macedonia: Located just north of Greece.
Macedonia conquered Greece in the late 300s BC.

17. 20. Marathon and Salamis:
Battles during the Persian Wars of the late 400s BC in which the Greeks were victorious.

18. 21. Parthenon:
Temple to the goddess Athena located on the acropolis in Athens.

19. 22. Rome: Capital of the Roman Empire and of the Papal States.
The sack of Rome in 476 AD marks the beginning of the Middle Ages.

20. 23. Italian Peninsula
Boot-shaped peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean.
Home of the Roman Republic, Roman Empire, and of the Renaissance.

21. 24. Alps
Mountain range that separates and protected the Italian peninsula from northern Europe.

22. 25. Carthage
Phoenician city-state on the North African coast that rivaled Rome for control of the Mediterranean.
Lost the Punic Wars to Rome in the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC.

23. 26. Gaul:
France.
Conquered by Julius Caesar by 50BC in the Gallic Wars.

24. 27. Byzantium:
City on the Black Sea that was a cross-roads of trade between Western Europe and Asia.

25. 28. Constantinople:
Byzantium was renamed for the Emperor Constantine who moved the capital of the Roman Empire to this city on the Black Sea.

26. 29. Hagia Sophia:
East Orthodox church in Constantinople that had a dome supported on a rectangular base.

27. 30. Mecca & Medina Holy cities for Muslims.
Located on the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula.

28. 31. Dome of the Rock:
Muslim mosque in Jerusalem.

29. 32. Monasteries and Convents:
Retreats for monks and nuns which became centers of education and welfare during the Middle Ages.

30. 33. Manor & Castle:
Estate and fortified home of the medieval lords and vassals.
Manors were self- sufficient estates.

31. 34. Scandinavia Northern Europe
In the Middle Ages Vikings came from Scandinavia and went into Russia.

32. 35. Kievan Russia On Dnieper River north of the Black Sea
Early Slavs and Vikings settled there
After they left it became home to Christians linked to the Byzantine Empire

33. 36. Trans-Saharan
Trade routes across north Africa where mostly gold and salt were traded

34. 37. Ethiopian Highlands
Sub-Saharan Africa near the Nile River where Christian Axum was located.

35. 38. Zambezi & Limpopo Rivers
In sub-Saharan Africa near the Indian Ocean coast where the “Great Zimbabwe” empire developed.

36. 39. Niger River & Sahara
West Africa where Ghana, Mali, & Songhai empires developed and the city of Timbuktu.
Religion: Animism and Islam

37. 40. Timbuktu West Africa center of trade and learning
Near Niger River and Sahara

38. 41. Chichen Itza Located in Mexican & Central American rainforest
Home to the Mayan civilization

39. 42. Tenochtitlan
Arid valley in Central Mexico
Home to the Aztecs

40. 43. Machu Pichu & Cusco
Andes Mts. of South America
Home to the Incas

41. 44. Paris
France
Hugh Capet established his throne there.

42. 45. Moscow
Western Russia
Ivan the Great threw off the Mongols & centralized power in Moscow

43. 46. London England (Anglo-Saxons)
Many died by the Plague which they tried to contain by burning the city
This caused the London fires for 4 days and 4/5 of the city was destroyed

44. 47. Aix-la-Chapelle: In Germany near the Rhine River
Palace of Charlemagne
Center of his Frankish Empire

45. 48-50. Florence, Venice, Genoa
Northern Italy
Renaissance city-states governed as republics
Had access to trade routes connecting Europe w/ Middle East markets
Trade Centers

46. 51. Milan Northern Italy on Lombardy plains
Renaissance city-states governed as republics
Main city of northern Italy
Trade Center

47. 52. Islands of Japan: Close to China & Korea
Archipelago (four main islands)
The Sea of Japan or East Sea is between Japan and Asia mainland
Shinto & Buddhism religions coexist there

48. SOL Review
Religion

49. Hinduism Founder: mix of Aryan and non-Aryan beliefs and gods
Beliefs: Caste system, many forms of one major deity, Reincarnation, Karma
Holy Text: Vedas, Upanishads
Location: India
Dates: 750 & 550 BC

50. Buddhism Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
Beliefs: Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path to Enlightenment- Nirvana
Holy Text: (Four Noble Truths)
Location: India (Nepal) & spread to China, Japan, and throughout Asia
Dates: 563 BC

51. Judaism Founder: Abraham Beliefs: one God (monotheism) Yahweh
Holy Text: Torah, Ten Commandments (Moses)
Location: Jerusalem
Dates: 2000 BC

52. Christianity Founder: Jesus
Beliefs: Jesus was the Messiah who was both son of God and incarnation of God, life after death, monotheism
Holy Text: New Testament, Bible
Location: Judea and spread to Rome by apostle Paul
Dates: around 29 AD

53. Islam Founder: Muhammad
Beliefs: Muhammad was the last Prophet, monotheism (Allah), 5 pillars of Islam, acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets (Moses & Jesus)
Holy Text: Quran (Koran)
Location: across Asia & Africa, & into Spain
Dates: 7th century AD

54. Confucianism Founder: Confucius
Beliefs: humans are good not bad, respect for elders, code of politeness still used in China today, emphasis on education, ancestor worship, yin/yang, bureaucracy
Holy Text: Analects (his ideas recorded by his students)
Location: China
Dates: 551 BC

55. Daoism (Taoism) Founder: Laozi
Beliefs: Humility, simple life and inner peace, harmony with nature, yin/yang
Holy Text: Tao Te Ching “the way”
Location: China
Dates: 6th century BC

56. Shinto
Founder: ?
Beliefs: kami: natural features, forces of nature, and ancestors, state religion; worshipping the emperor, coexist with Buddhism
Holy Text: (kami)
Location: unique to Japan
Dates: Middle Ages (declined after WWII)