1. Review From Thursday
What is one difference between an angiosperm and a gymnosperm?
What organism did plants most likely evolve from?
What is the name of the type of tissue that helps conduct water and other materials throughout a plant?
What are xylem and phloem?
Give an example of a seedless nonvascular plant.

2. Seed Plants

3. Gymnosperms – naked seeds
Cones are the seed-bearing structures of gymnosperms
Ex: conifers
pollination is usually by the wind

4. Angiosperms – enclosed seeds
Flowering plants
Largest and most diverse groups of plants on earth
Flowers are the seed-bearing structures of angiosperms
Ex - Fruits

5. Angiosperms can be classified as monocots or dicots
Based on:
number of cotyledons (seed leaves)
Arrangement of vascular bundles (xylem and phloem)
Type of roots
How veins are arranged in leaves
Arrangement of floral parts

8. Diversity of Angiosperms
Monocots
Dicots
Seeds
Single cotyledon
Two cotyledons
Leaves
Parallel veins
Branched veins
Flowers
Floral parts often in multiples of 3
Floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5
Xylem and Phloem
scattered
Arranged in a ring
Roots
Fibrous roots
Taproot

9. Annuals, Biennials, Perennials
Annuals: grow from seed to maturity, flower, produce seeds, and die all in the course of one growing season.
Biennials complete their life cycle in 2 years
Perennials – live through many years
Marigolds = Annuals
Parley = Biennial
Palm tree = Perennial

10. Woody and Herbaceous Angiosperms
Woody: Made primarily of thick cell walls that support the plant body
Trees, shrubs, and vines
Herbaceous: Smooth, non-woody plant stems
Dandelions, petunias, and sunflowers

11. Structure of flowers
Flowers are reproductive organs that are composed of four kinds of specialized leaves:
Sepals
Petals
Carpels
Stamens

12. Sepals and Petals: Outermost parts
Sepals are the outermost part of a flower that protects a flower while it is developing
Petals are found just inside the sepals, often brightly colored to attract insects and other pollinators to the flower

13. Stamens and Carpals: Reproductive Parts
Stamens: Male part of the flower, produces pollen grains a.k.a “plant sperm”
Filaments – holds anther up in air
Anthers – produces pollen
Carpals – female reproductive parts
Stigma – sticky to catch pollen
Style – long tube
Ovaries – contain
eggs that will develop
into seeds when
fertilized

15. Seed structure Embryo – young plant
3 basic parts
Embryo – young plant
Endosperm – supply of nutrients for the embryo
Seed Coat – protects the embryo

16. Pollination
Pollen lands on sticky stigma, pollen tube starts forming so pollen can travel to egg in ovule = sexual reproduction
A fertilized eggs forms into an embryo inside of a seed
In angiosperms, the ovary wall thickens and forms into a fruit around the seed

17. Seed Dispersal 3 Ways: Wind Water Animals Common in gymnosperms
Seeds are lightweight
Water
Usually seeds can float, ex: coconuts
Animals
Most angiosperms
Why is this advantageous?
Why do flowers look pretty and smell good?

18. Seed Dormancy
Once seeds are dispersed, they often enter a state of dormancy – when the embryo is alive but not growing
Allows for long distance dispersal and ideal growth conditions
Seeds will come out of dormancy and begin to grow when environmental factors like temperature and moisture improve