1. Chapter 20: Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
20A: What is a Human? pg 622
20B: The Integumentary System pg 632
20C: The Skeletal System
20D: the Muscular System

2. 20A: What is a Human?
Homework (turn in all assignments on Google Classroom)
RQ pg 626
KT & RQ pg 630
Anatomical Quiz
20A Quiz - do in class

3. Four Basic Levels of Human Behavior
Innate – behaviors that are inborn
Reflex – automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus
Example: pulling hand away from hot stove
Instinct – complex reactions to various stimuli
Example: hard to determine what is instinct and what is learned
Learned – conditioned behavior, learned by repetition and often motivated by reward or punishment
Example: crawling, walking, drinking from a cup, “going to the potty”
Intelligent
Behavior marked by analysis, thought, emotion, reasoning, use of tools, and use of symbols; motivated by reasoning or intelligence
Example: writing and reading
Spiritual
The highest level of human reaction, more than just intelligence directing behavior
Turning to God for salvation and abundant life, or rejecting God, and spending eternity in hell, and life on earth to fulfill self

4. Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy Physiology Anatomical Position
How a structure is shaped, where it is found, and of what it is made
Physiology
Concerned with the function of a structure
*Be able to give the direction and area on a human body using terms based on the body being in the anatomical position
Anatomical Position
A person standing, arms at side, with toes, palms and face facing forward

5. Relative Directions in Anatomical Position
Anterior (ventral) – toward the front (stomach side)
Posterior (dorsal) – toward the back
Superior – upward; toward the head
Inferior – downward; toward the feet
Superficial – on or near the surface
Deep – toward the inside
Proximal – a location closer to the trunk of the body, or another specified reference point
Distal – away from the trunk; the opposite of proximal
Lateral – toward the side from an imaginary line that divides the body into halves
Medial – closer to the midline in relation to another part
Transverse – a line that divides the body into a superior and inferior portion
Sagittal – a line that divides the body into right and left portions

6. Histology The study of human tissues
Vascular tissue – has blood vessels running through it (example: muscle tissue)
Avascular tissue – has no blood running through it (example: epithelial tissue)

7. Four Groups of Human Tissue
Connective Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue

8. Connective Tissues
Most abundant and diverse
Support, connect, and protect other body structures
Usually connective tissue cells are not adjacent to each other, but have matrix between them
Matrix – nonliving material present in tissue, which is secreted by the tissue’s cells
Four types of matrix
Solid matrix: Example: bone
Fluid – Example: blood – carries blood cells
Fibrous – Example: ligaments and tendons – permits flexibility
Gel – Example: cartilage of nose and ear – soft mixed with fibers

9. Connective Tissues

10. Epithelial Tissue
Layers of cells that cover or line the external surfaces like the various organs and blood vessels
Vary in thickness from a single layer, lining capillaries to multiple layers forming the skin
Covers and lines to protect, secrete, absorb, and filter

11. Muscle Tissue Composed of cells that contract Moves and supports
3 types
Skeletal
move the body (arms, legs, face)
Smooth
performs function that are not controlled voluntarily, such as moving food through the digestive system
Cardiac
Found only in the heart and pumps blood throughout the body

12. Nervous Tissue Has irritability
Contain cells that receive and transmit electrochemical impulses from muscles, glands, and other nerve cells
Coordinates muscular movements, interprets sensations received from the environment and controls thought processes and emotions

13. Organs & Systems Organs Systems
Tissue groups that work together to accomplish a specific function
One organ may contain more than one type of tissue
The heart contains tissues from all four groups
Organs grouped together that have related functions

14. Four Main Body Cavities
Cranial cavity
Houses the brain
Spinal cavity
Surrounds the spinal cord
Thoracic cavity
Contains the heart, respiratory organs, and esophagus
Abdominal cavity
Contains the digestive, reproductive, and excretory organs
*The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by the diaphragm