1. Chapter 1: Policing in America

2. Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.
Topics to Cover
The Concept and Mandate of the Police
Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector
Levels of Policing
A Changing Landscape
Additional Types of Police
Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

3. The Concept and Mandate of the Police
Discuss the concepts and mandate of the police in American society
The Concept and Mandate of the Police
Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

4. Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.
Police
LO 1:1: Discuss the concepts and mandate of the police in American society
The Concept and Mandate of the Police
Police officers are specially designated citizens whose functions include order maintenance, provision of services, and law enforcement.
Law enforcement officers are specially designated citizens who focus on enforcing laws through detection and apprehension.
Police use training and discretion to protect individual rights and maintain order.
The Concept and Mandate of the Police
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5. Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.
Police
Police officers
Maintain order, provide service, enforce the law
Law enforcement officers
Enforce the law through detection and apprehension
Balance of protecting individual rights and maintaining order
LO 1:1: Discuss the concepts and mandate of the police in American society
The Concept and Mandate of the Police
Police officers are specially designated citizens whose functions include order maintenance, provision of services, and law enforcement.
Law enforcement officers are specially designated citizens who focus on enforcing laws through detection and apprehension.
Police use training and discretion to protect individual rights and maintain order.
The Concept and Mandate of the Police
Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

6. Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector
Describe the difficulty associated with attempting to make generalizations about law enforcement and the scope of the functions they perform
Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector
Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

7. Scope of Law Enforcement
Police officers work in a range of settings:
Cities, suburbs, rural areas
College campuses,
U.S. borders
Under cover
Private communities
Administrative capacities
LO 1.2: Describe the difficulty associated with attempting to make generalizations about law enforcement and the scope of the functions they perform
Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector
Uniformed and armed police officers may work in a wide variety of settings:
Large metropolitan, suburban, and rural areas
College campuses
On the borders between the United States and other countries, in airports and harbors
Under cover
Private communities or commercial areas
In administrative or technical capacities.
Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector
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8. Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.
Identify the various levels and types of policing in the United States
Levels of Policing
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9. Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.
Levels of Policing
LO 1.3: Identify the various levels and types of policing in the United States
Levels of Policing
Officers employed at the international, federal, state, county, and municipal levels.
In 2008 there were over 1.1 million police personnel employed full-time at the, state and local (city, county, suburban) levels in approximately 18,000 agencies.
State and local agencies range in personnel size from 36,000 (New York City) to agencies with only one sworn officer.
Levels of Policing
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10. Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.
Levels of Policing
LO 1.3: Identify the various levels and types of policing in the United States
Levels of Policing
Officers employed at the international, federal, state, county, and municipal levels.
In 2008 there were over 1.1 million police personnel employed full-time at the, state and local (city, county, suburban) levels in approximately 18,000 agencies.
State and local agencies range in personnel size from 36,000 (New York City) to agencies with only one sworn officer.
Levels of Policing
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11. Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.
Levels of Policing
International, federal, state, county, and municipal levels
Over 1.1 million police personnel across ~18,000 agencies
LO 1.3: Identify the various levels and types of policing in the United States
Levels of Policing
Officers employed at the international, federal, state, county, and municipal levels.
In 2008 there were over 1.1 million police personnel employed full-time at the, state and local (city, county, suburban) levels in approximately 18,000 agencies.
State and local agencies range in personnel size from 36,000 (New York City) to agencies with only one sworn officer.
Levels of Policing
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12. Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.
Levels of Policing
State police
Jurisdiction within state
Traffic control
Federal law enforcement
U.S. marshals established in 1789
U.S. Secret Service
Customs and Border Protection
> 100,000 federal agents
LO 1.3: Identify the various levels and types of policing in the United States
State Police
Law enforcement services anywhere in state; traffic control
Other services may include those involving communications or computer systems; crime-scene analysis and multijurisdictional investigations; collect, analyze, and disseminate information on crime patterns; aircraft support; underwater search and rescue; park security; regulation of liquor and gambling related activities
Federal Law Enforcement
In 1789 U.S. marshals were the first police established for the purpose of enforcing directives of the federal courts
The United States Secret Service was founded in 1865 as a branch of the U.S. Treasury Department – today, its purpose includes:
Protect the president, vice president, and others; and
Investigate crimes against the financial infrastructure of the United States
Customs and Border Protection is part of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS); responsibilities include managing borders, preventing unlawful travel and trade, coordinating police activities among agencies at various levels
Over 100,000 federal officers (agents); few are uniformed; duties generally include investigation and control of federal crimes, protecting federal officials and property
Levels of Policing
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13. Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.
Levels of Policing
LO 1.3: Identify the various levels and types of policing in the United States
State Police
Law enforcement services anywhere in state; traffic control
Other services may include those involving communications or computer systems; crime-scene analysis and multijurisdictional investigations; collect, analyze, and disseminate information on crime patterns; aircraft support; underwater search and rescue; park security; regulation of liquor and gambling related activities
Federal Law Enforcement
In 1789 U.S. marshals were the first police established for the purpose of enforcing directives of the federal courts
The United States Secret Service was founded in 1865 as a branch of the U.S. Treasury Department – today, its purpose includes:
Protect the president, vice president, and others; and
Investigate crimes against the financial infrastructure of the United States
Customs and Border Protection is part of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS); responsibilities include managing borders, preventing unlawful travel and trade, coordinating police activities among agencies at various levels
Over 100,000 federal officers (agents); few are uniformed; duties generally include investigation and control of federal crimes, protecting federal officials and property
Levels of Policing
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14. Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.
Discuss some of the current concerns of police in the United States
A Changing Landscape
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15. Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.
A Changing Landscape
Unmanned aerial vehicles
US Patriot Act
Economic downturn
LO 1.4: Discuss some of the current concerns of police in the United States
A Changing Landscape
Police agencies vary in many ways; policing environments rapidly change in many ways
Increase in unmanned aerial vehicles for law enforcement
US Patriot Act extends government authority to trace communication
Economic downturn in 2008 led to decrease in police officers in some areas
A Changing Landscape
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16. Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.
A Changing Landscape
LO 1.4: Discuss some of the current concerns of police in the United States
A Changing Landscape
Police agencies vary in many ways; policing environments rapidly change in many ways
Increase in unmanned aerial vehicles for law enforcement
US Patriot Act extends government authority to trace communication
Economic downturn in 2008 led to decrease in police officers in some areas
A Changing Landscape
Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

17. Additional Types of Police
Summarize the additional types of police and the functions they perform
Additional Types of Police
Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

18. Additional Types of Police
Private police
Security, private investigators, military contractors
Special jurisdiction police
University police, school police, transportation agencies
Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs
County services, courthouse maintenance
Only remaining elected law enforcement
LO 1.5: Summarize the additional types of police and the functions they perform
Private Police
At least 1.2 million private security personnel ranging from private security, to executive protection, to private investigators, to contract employees for the military
Special Jurisdiction Police
Include college and university police, public and private school police, agencies that serve transportation systems and facilities
Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs
Sheriff’s departments provide police services to counties
Sheriffs are one of the only elected law enforcement officials still in existence today
Additional law enforcement duties include maintaining security of courthouses, jurors, and other court functions; as well as supervising jail and inmates
Additional Types of Police
Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

19. Additional Types of Police
Auxiliary/Reserve/Special Police
Assist regular police
Conservation Police Officers, Game Wardens
Enforcement in state parks
Tribal Police Officers
Enforcement on tribal lands
Significant overlap between jurisdictions
LO 1.5: Summarize the additional types of police and the functions they perform
Auxiliary/Reserve/Special Police
These officers assist regular police
Can be part-time, unarmed or armed, paid or volunteer; training varies
Conservation Police Officers, Game Wardens
Usually have full police authority and jurisdiction; enforcement generally in state parks
Enforcement duties include criminal, vehicle, wildlife, and watercraft laws
Tribal Police Officers
As of 2008, American Indian tribes operated 178 law enforcement agencies
Most are general purpose police agencies; others enforce natural resource laws
Significant jurisdictional overlap between police agencies
The type of agency to become involved depends on the type and location of the offense and agreements between agencies
Additional Types of Police
Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

20. Additional Types of Police
LO 1.5: Summarize the additional types of police and the functions they perform
Auxiliary/Reserve/Special Police
These officers assist regular police
Can be part-time, unarmed or armed, paid or volunteer; training varies
Conservation Police Officers, Game Wardens
Usually have full police authority and jurisdiction; enforcement generally in state parks
Enforcement duties include criminal, vehicle, wildlife, and watercraft laws
Tribal Police Officers
As of 2008, American Indian tribes operated 178 law enforcement agencies
Most are general purpose police agencies; others enforce natural resource laws
Significant jurisdictional overlap between police agencies
The type of agency to become involved depends on the type and location of the offense and agreements between agencies
Additional Types of Police
Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

21. Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.
Policing in America
Discussion Questions
From end of chapter
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22. Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.
Discussion Questions
Why is it so difficult to discuss and generalize about the police in the United States?
Discuss the various levels of public police in the United States.
What are some of the problems inherent in policing?
What are some of the issues currently confronting American police?
Describe the different levels of policing in the United States
From end of chapter
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23. Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.
Discussion
Or…
Questions
Case Study
Exercise
Review
Looking Ahead
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24. Open-Access Student Resources
Action plan
Quizzes
eFlashcards
Video and audio links
SAGE journal articles
Policing in Practice videos
edge.sagepub.com/coxpolicing3e
Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.