1. Plant Structure 1. Roots, 2. Stems, 3. Leave, 4. Flowers plant organs
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2. Roots: A root is an organ that attaches a plant to the ground and collects water and minerals from the soil. Most roots are important food storage organs too.
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3. Types Of Root
Food crops such as wheat, barley, and beans have fibrous roots
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4. A single large root that grows straight down into the ground is called a taproot.
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5. The taproots of many plants store large quantities of food
The taproots of many plants store large quantities of food. Beets and turnips are two examples. Can you think of others?
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6. Root Structure
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9. Vascular tissue is made of two kinds of cells
Vascular tissue is made of two kinds of cells. One kind of cell, called phloem, carries food from one part of a plant to another..
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10. Food produced in the leaves of the plant travels down to the root through phloem
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11. Xylem carries water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the stem and leaves.
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12. Root Growth A root grows longer at its tip
Root Growth A root grows longer at its tip. The root cap protects the growing tip as it pushes through the soil. Dividing cells behind the root cap produce new cells
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13. Stems The tree trunk is actually a stem, an organ that transports food, water, and minerals between the roots and leaves of a plant. A stem also supports the leaves and holds them up to the light.
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14. Many stems store water and produce food
Many stems store water and produce food. Saguaro cactus ran store enough water to last the cactus two years.
How would you tell if a stem carries on photosynthesis?
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15. Stem Structure
Two are types Stem herbaceous stem is soft, green, and flexible. Plants with herbaceous stems usually live one or two years.
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16. Grasses, bean plants, and many wildflowers have herbaceous stems.
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17. A woody stem is hard, strong, and rigid Plants
A woody stem is hard, strong, and rigid Plants. They live for many years. Each year their stems grow wider. Most trees and shrubs have woody stems.
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18. Herbaceous stems may carry on photosynthesis
Herbaceous stems may carry on photosynthesis. The woody stem becomes thicker and covered during the first year of growth.
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19. Stem Growth
The cambium of woody stems causes the stem to grow wider. Each year the cambium produces a new layer of phloem cells. The new phloem cells push older phloem cells toward the outside surface of the stem.
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20. The cambium also produces a new layer of xylem cells each year
The cambium also produces a new layer of xylem cells each year. The new xylem cells are produced toward the inside of the stem.
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21. Together the growth rings form a tree's wood
Together the growth rings form a tree's wood. The wood strengthens and supports the tree. What can you tell by counting a tree's growth rings?
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24. As the stem grows wider, cells of the epidermis become filled with a fatty material. These cells are soon changed into a new tissue called bark. Bark is the tough protective covering of a woody stem.
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25. A woody stem grows longer by adding new cells to areas called buds
A woody stem grows longer by adding new cells to areas called buds. A bud is covered with scales that protect growing tissues from hungry animals and extreme temperatures.
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27. The tip of the stem and several young leaves are underneath the scales
The tip of the stem and several young leaves are underneath the scales. In early spring, cells in the tip of the stem divide and grow longer. As the stem lengthens, the bud scales fall off, leaving a scar on the stem. Each year new buds form.
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28. Leaves
A leaf is an organ that produces food for a plant. It takes many leaves to make enough food for a large tree to live.
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30. There are two common leaves types : broad leaves and needlelike leaves.
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31. Leaf Structure
Look closely at the leaf in Figure The upper and lower epidermises enclose the green part of the leaf. A leaf's epidermis is covered by a waxy cuticle that keeps the leaf from drying out.
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32. Mesophyll
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34. Notice that the leaf has many openings, or stomates, on its lower surface. Gases such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor pass in and out of the leaf through these openings. Two bean-shaped cells open and close each stomate.
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35. Between the two layers of epidermis is the middle part of the leaf called the mesophyll. The mesophyll of many leaves is arranged in two layers. The top layer contains long, narrow cells, while the bottom layer contains irregularly shaped cells and many air spaces.
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36. Cells in both layers are green because they contain chloroplasts
Cells in both layers are green because they contain chloroplasts. chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, the green pigment needed for photosynthesis.
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37. Look at the leaf blade in Figure
Look at the leaf blade in Figure. Notice the larger veins branch into smaller and smaller veins. A vein is actually a bundle of phloem and xylem in a leaf
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39. Lesson Review 1. What are the main functions of roots, stems, and leaves? 2. What path does water follow when it travels from the soil into the xylem of a root?
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40. 3. Explain how growth rings are formed in a woody stem. 4
3. Explain how growth rings are formed in a woody stem. 4. Give the function of the mesophyll, epidermis, and stomates of a leaf. 5. Explain how a Venus's-flytrap catches an insect.
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41. Interpret and Apply 12. How could you tell the difference between herbaceous and woody stems by looking at their vascular tissue?
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42. Flower
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43. Flower Structure and Function
The leaflike structures at the base of a flower are sepals. Sepals are usually green but can be other bright colors. The sepals enclose a flower before it opens.
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44. Inside the sepals, leaflike structure are called petals
Inside the sepals, leaflike structure are called petals. The petals, often white or brightly colored, surround and protect the reproductive parts of a flower. They also attract insects to the flower.
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45. Stamen is the male reproductive part of a flower
Stamen is the male reproductive part of a flower. Each stamen has a long thin stalk called a filament. The filament supports the anther. The anther is a sac at the end of a stamen that produces pollen,
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46. Pistil is the female reproductive part of a flower
Pistil is the female reproductive part of a flower. The enlarged base of a pistil, called an ovary, contains ovules. Ovules produce eggs. The slender stalk of the pistil is called a style. The style supports the stigma, the sticky end of a pistil that collects pollen.
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47. Not all flowers have sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils
Not all flowers have sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils. Grass flowers, for example, do not have sepals or petals. Corn plants produce flowers that contain only male or female reproductive parts.
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48. Pollination
Before an angiosperm can sexually reproduce, pollination must occur. Pollination in angiosperms occurs when pollen from the male structure, or anther, is transferred to the female structure, or stigma.
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49. The transfer of pollen within the same plant is called self-pollination. In garden peas, pollen is transferred from an anther to a stigma in the same flower.
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50. The transfer of pollen from one plant to another is called cross-pollination. In willows, pollen from an anther on one tree is carried to a stigma on a different tree.
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51. Pollen grains
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52. Pollination and pollinator
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53. Fertilization
  Pollination is an important step in angiosperm reproduction. But it is not the final step. Sperm cells in the pollen must get to the egg in the ovule for fertilization to occur.
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54. Figure: The egg in each ovule is fertilized by sperm from a sin­gle pollen grain.
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55. After a pollen grain reaches the stigma of a flower, chemicals on the stigma cause the pollen grain to form a tube As seen in Figure, the pollen tube grows down through the style and ovary to an ovule.
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56. Sperm produced by the pollen grain then travel through the pollen tube into the ovule. A sperm fertilizes an egg inside the ovule. The fertilized egg, or zygote, is the beginning of a new angiosperm.
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57. Fruits and Seeds
As you know, fertilization occurs inside an ovule in the ovary of a flower. After fertilization, three changes take place in the flower. These changes are shown in
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58. Figure : Once pollination and fertilization are completed, fruit development begins.
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59. First, by the process of mitosis, the zygote grows into an embryo
First, by the process of mitosis, the zygote grows into an embryo. Second, the ovule develops into a seed. Third, the ovary may enlarge or change color. As the ovary changes, it becomes a fruit.
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61. Seed Germination
After a seed goes through dormancy, favorable conditions may cause it to germinate. Germination begins when water enters the seed.
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62. The root of the embryo pushes through the seed coat first
The root of the embryo pushes through the seed coat first. Root hairs soon develop and absorb water from the soil. Meanwhile the stem pushes the cotyledons above the ground. The embryo's two tiny leaves then start to grow. Once exposed to sunlight, the leaves turn green and begin the process of photosynthesis. Now that the young plant can make its own food, the cotyledons shrivel up.
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