1. CHAPTER 16: WORLD WAR LOOMS

2. SECTION 1-DICTATORS THREATEN WORLD PEACE

3. Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia
Postwar Europe experienced an economic depression and witnessed democracies collapse
Peace had not brought stability, but revolution
Dictators rose up to deal with hard times promising to support nationalism and increase territorial expansion
Nationalism-Pride in one’s country, loyalty, dreams of expansion

4. Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia
Treaty of Versailles did not truly bring peace it actually brought resentment for many Germans
Germany in an economic depression and they could not pull itself out due to the massive amount of reparations they were forced to pay as a result of the War Guilt Clause
They owed $33 billion to the U.S. and European nations
Young democracies in Europe were quickly overthrown leading to increased instability

5. Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia
Joseph Stalin-The Soviet Union
The Soviet Union became a powerful nation under his “five year” plans following his assentation to power in 1924
One of his key policies was supporting industrialization along with eliminating private farms and nationalizing them into collectively owned government farms
This agricultural shift resulted in the deaths of millions due to restructuring, famine, and mistrust
He also eliminated anyone who dared challenge him or get in his way
Historians estimate Stalin is responsible for the deaths of somewhere between 8 and 13 million people
Totalitarian-A political state in which individuals have no rights and the government suppresses all opposition

6. Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia
Benito Mussolini-Italy
Powerful speaker
Called himself “Il Duce”
Appealed to many people because he said he would bring them out of the depression
Established Italy’s Fascist Party in 1921

7. Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia
Fascism-A form of government in which a belief in nationalism is stressed and the needs of the state are placed above the needs of its citizens
Factors that led to the rise of fascism:
Italy’s national pride took a hit following WWI
From an economic standpoint they were experiencing rising inflation and a high unemployment rate
This led to massive social unrest

8. Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia
Adolf Hitler-Germany
Former WWI foot soldier, failed artist and political activist within the Nazi Party
While serving eight months of a five year prison sentence writes Mein Kampf in 1925.
In his book he outlines the basic beliefs of Nazism and their plan of action in Germany
Takes the title Der Fuhrer (“The Leader”) in 1933
Came to power much like Mussolini did in Italy
Powerful and eloquent public speaker
Became the leader of the Nazi Party
Promised to bring Germany out of crippling provisions of the War Guilt Clause and restore Germany to it’s pre-war glory

9. Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia
Nazism-A German brand of fascism that was based on the concept of extreme nationalism
Hitler’s Three Goals for Germany
Hitler was obsessed with racial purity and viewed the Aryan race as superior (those with blond hair, blue eyes and Germanic heritage)
He felt all other inferior races were meant to serve those of Aryan decent
Hitler dreamed of uniting all German-speaking people under a great German Empire which would require additional land to be conquered
He also looked to strengthen the Nazi party by establishing the Third Reich (The Third German Empire)
Great Depression aided the Nazis and Hitler in their attempt to gain power

10. Nazi propaganda depicting the ideal Aryan members of Hitler’s “Master Race”

11. Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia
Hideki Tojo-Japan
Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931
As an island Japan desired additional “living” space
Manchuria was rich in much needed natural resources
Japan was condemned by the League of Nations for their actions however they simply quit the League and sided with the Axis Powers

12. Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia
The failure of the League of Nations to punish Japan led to other European nations balking at the authority of the League.
Germany pulls out of League of Nations in 1933
In 1935 Italy under Mussolini invaded Ethiopia
1936 Hitler began sending German troops into the Rhineland

13. Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia
Francisco Franco-Spain
Franco led Spanish military officers in a rebellion against the Spanish Republic
This led to a civil war in Spain
Soviet Union sent troops to help the Spanish government
Italy and Germany sent aid and supplies to Franco
3,000 Americans known as the “Abraham Lincoln Battalion” joined the fight against Franco, but it is not enough
Franco became Spain’s fascist dictator in 1939
Shortly after he formed the Rome-Berlin Axis with Germany

14. The United States Responds Cautiously
Americans were alarmed with the events in Europe but felt that isolationism was the best course of action since this was “Europe's problem”
The Nye Commission led by North Dakota Senator Gerald Nye said U.S. was dragged into WWI by greed banks and manufactures that he referred to as “merchants of death”
Beginning in 1935, Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts-
The first two Neutrality Acts outlawed the sale of arms (weapons) or providing loans to waring nations
The third act created a provision that would prevent us from selling arms to countries involved in civil wars

15. The United States Responds Cautiously
Despite Congressional attempts to remain neutral FDR began finding a way around the Neutrality Acts following Japan’s attack on China in 1937
His excuse was since there was not a formal war declared between the two countries there was no need to enforce the Neutrality Acts
FDR also began speaking out against isolationism but received a massive amount of criticism from the media
It would take a catastrophic event for the U.S. to set aside their insistence on neutrality and that would happen on December 7th, 1941

16. SECTION 2-WAR IN EUROPE

17. AUSTRIA AND CZECHOSLAVAKIA FALL
Most Austrians favor Hitler taking over
Anschluss*
3 million German speaking people live in Sudetenland, Czech.
Want to annex this country for living space and resources
Claim for invasion of the country*

18. WAR IN EUROPE GERMAN OFFENSIVE BEGINS
Meets with France and Britain and promises that this is the last territory
Signs the Munich Agreement*
Winston Churchill proclaims appeasement*
Afterward, Hitler takes over the rest of Czech
Poland is the next conquest with the same reasoning being used
Nonagression pact signed*

19. WAR IN EUROPE Sept. 1, 1939 Poland invaded by Luftwaffe Blitzkrieg*
Poland falls in two days; Germany and France declare war
EastSoviet Union
WestGermany

20. WAR IN EUROPE
French and British forces sat on the Maginot Line staring at Germany, waiting for something to happen
Soviet Union takes over Estonia, Finland,
Latvia, and Lithuania
Hitler takes over Denmark and Norway with the following reasons*
Proceeds to take over Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg

21. WAR IN EUROPE

22. WAR IN EUROPE FRANCE AND BRITAIN FIGHT ON
Hitler sneaks around the Allied forces and goes through NE France
400,000 French and British flee to Dunkirk where they are trapped—330,000 make it to Britain
Days later, Italy joins the war and invades S. France, while Germans close in on Paris in the north

23. Germans occupy N. France and a puppet govt. set up in S. France
Charles de Gaulle*
Luftwaffe begin bombing raids over Britain
Every night for two months
British Royal Airforce has a new weapon*
WAR IN EUROPE

24. THE HOLOCAUST: SECTION THREE
THE PERSECUTION BEGINS
Holocaust*
Germans blamed Jews for loss of WWI and Great Depression
Took away jobs, property, and citizenship; wear Star of David for identification
Kristallnacht*

25. THE HOLOCAUST
Jews flee to United States, Britain, France, and Palestine, but numbers are limited
Americans do not want refugees for fear of job competition and spies
HITLER’S FINAL SOLUTION
Genocide*
Based on Aryans must be the master race and it has to be perserved

26. THE HOLOCAUST
Targeted Jews, gypsies, Freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Catholics, Slavs, homosexuals, mentally ill, physically ill, and terminally ill
Used death squads*
Ordered into ghettos
Living conditions terrible: dead bodies, lived in crowed apartments, forced people to work long hours in factories

27. THE HOLOCAUST
Dragged from homes or placed in trains or trucks and sent to concentration camps
Slept wooden barracks that held up to 1,000 people
Fleas and rats; intense hunger; worked long hours

28. THE HOLOCAUST

29. THE HOLOCAUST

30. THE HOLOCAUST

31. THE HOLOCAUST THE FINAL STAGE
Ghettos and concentration camps not working
In 1942, death camps were created
Gas chambers use Zyklon B; gas thousands of people each day
Before the gassing*

32. THE HOLOCAUST Bodies deposited in pits at first; it was not effective
Created crematoriums*
Prisoners were also shot, hanged, injected with poison, or had to be a part of medical experiments
Is it on us to solve this problem?

33. AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR: SECTION FOUR
THE UNITED STATES MUSTERS ITS FORCES
Cash and carry method*
Americans are shocked by the Tripartite Pact and the formation of the Axis Powers*
Roosevelt asks Congress to increase spending on national defense and Selective Service Act begins to train men

34. AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR
Britain runs out of money, Roosevelt suggests the Lend-Lease Act*
June 1941, Hitler breaks his promise and invades Soviet Union; we, now, give money to Soviets
To prevent lend-lease shipments, German wolf packs were used*
Roosevelt gives permission to use warships to protect investments (use radar)
AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR

35. AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR
FDR PLANS FOR WAR
Atlantic Charter*
Roosevelt, despite disapproval, promises Churchill that he will push for war
The United Nations, 26 countries, become the Allies to fight the Axis Powers

36. AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR
JAPAN ATTACKS THE UNITED STATES
Hideki Tojo*
Seizes unprotected British, French, and Dutch territories (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos)
U.S. cuts off trade and oil with Japan
Prime Minister Tojo promises the emperor to keep peace with the Americans
Yet, ordered the navy to prepare to attack

37. AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR
Americans able to break Japanese codes and found out about the attacks but did not know when or where
Peace talks were going on for a month; rejected our peace proposals
December 7th, 1941*
Less than two hours, the Japanese had killed 2,403 Americans and wounded 1,178; 21 ships damaged or sunk; 300 aircraft damaged or destroyed
AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR

38. AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR
Roosevelt refers to this as “a date which will live in infamy.”
Congress approves Roosevelt’s request for war against Japan
Three days later, Germany and Italy declare war against the United States