1. MIDDLE AGES (DARK AGES)
476 A.D.—1500 A.D.

2. What do you think of when you hear “Middle Ages?”
Knights?
Castles?
Wars?
Plagues?
Territorial exchange?-Many groups could/would claim ownership to a particular place.
i.e., Germanic Tribes vs. Roman Empire; Christianity vs. Islam

3. Medieval Castle

4. WHAT DO YOU KNOW? What is a peasant? What is feudalism?
Who was Charlemagne?
What was the Magna Carta?
What were the Crusades?
Who was Muhammad?
What was the Black Death?

5. Middle Ages: General Timeline
C.E.
Crusades
1347 Bubonic Plague
1066 C.E.
Norman invasion of Britain
450 C.E.
Anglo-Saxons invade England
1455 C.E.
Printing Press
Dante’s Divine Comedy
Sir Gawain & Green Knight
306 C.E.
Constantine comes to power in Eastern Roman Empire; beginning of Byzantine Empire
476 C.E.
Fall of Rome
Beowulf
Composed
sometime
between
850 C.E.
900 C.E.
1386 C.E.
Chaucer begins writing Canterbury Tales
1453
Fall of Byzantine Empire with invasion of Ottoman Turks

6. What were the Middle Ages?
Middle Ages-the years between ancient times and modern times.
Ancient times lasted until about 500 A.D. and modern times began around 1500.
Medieval-Latin for “middle ages”
This was a period when times were tough and ever changing.
Life in the Middle Ages

7. 3 parts: Early, Central, Later Middle Ages
Early Middle Ages: A.D.
Central Middle Ages: A.D.
Later Middle Ages: A.D.

8. FALL OF Rome Visigoths sack Rome in 410 A.D. (Germanic tribes)
Rome had become too big to handle and had to divide into 2 separate groups. (East & West)
Western empire was much weaker. Rome was its capital.
Constantinople was the capital in the East.
Romulus Augustulus- the last Roman emperor in the West
14 y/o-forced to work on farm in 476

9. Byzantine Empire: What happens if you get scared half to death twice?
The Eastern empire lasted for 1,000 years longer
Known as the Byzantine Empire
Constantine moved capital from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople.
Ancient Greek city
2 things made this empire strong
Strong military
Trade

10. Age of Justinian:Chuck Norris counted to infinity…twice.
Ruled from
One of the greatest Byzantium emperors.
B/c he was born to a poor family, he listened to and understood EVERYONE.
Best known for his system of laws-Justinian’s Code
He needed to change the old Roman laws.
Had scholars preserve works of ancient Greeks & Romans…combined with Christianity

11. Germanic Tribes Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals
West Goths
East Goths
Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals
From northern Europe…leave in search of warmer weather.
Asked Rome if they could live within borders. Rome said “NO”, b/c they were Barbarians
After about 300 years of fighting, Rome gave in
Germans kept much of their culture. Loved to fight-based on religion.
God of war was Wodan. His son was Thor, god of thunder
Thunder was sound of his chariot wheels. Hammer was lightning
When Germans died, went to Vahalla (dining hall) to feast and fight forever.

12. Europe in the 6c

13. Germanic Conquest of Western Europe: You can't have everything
Germanic Conquest of Western Europe: You can't have everything. Where would you put it?
By the 300s A.D. the Goths/Visigoths were attacked by the Huns, led by Attila “Little Daddy”.
Rome gave protection to Goths, but not for long.
West Goths (Visigoths) rebelled and captured Rome in 410.
Moved on to Gaul(France) and Spain.
Conquered the Vandals in Spain.
Vandals moved to Northern Africa-vandalism-willful destruction of property.

14. Franks Franks -better rulers than other Germanic tribes.
Become people of France
Clovis
Christianity.
Charles the Hammer
Charles Martel-Battle of Tours
Important Christian battle against Islam
Let’s check out pages for more info on Clovis and Charles the Hammer

15. CHARLEMAGNE 768-817 “By the sword and the cross”
“Charles the Great”- King of the Franks
Most famous for wanting to unite the Germanic people and spreading Christianity
He did this by waging a series of wars.
Helped the economy, schools, and the church
December 25, 800 A.D.-Crowned emperor

16. Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

17. Charlemagne: 742 to 814

18. Charlemagne’s Empire

19. The Vikings
Came from Scandinavia-Northern Europe: Denmark, Norway, Sweden
A.K.A. Norseman
Skilled warriors and sailors
Attacks began around 800 A.D. for 300 years.
Element of surprise
Burned and looted European towns.
One good thing=they reopened trade routes to Mediterranean lands and beyond
Never united any of their conquered lands into a lasting empire.

20. Vikings in America?
Vikings also traveled south to North Africa, west to Greenland and beyond.
Erik the Red -explorer who founded a colony on the island of Greenland in 986
Leif Eriksson-Erik the Red’s son. Discovered Newfoundland.
Could have possibly called it Vinland b/c of all the grapes found there.
Did not set up settlement there-too far from home.

21. Newfoundland

22. Anglo-Saxon William the Conquerer 1066 Battle of Hastings
1st Norman King of England
Begins the Norman period in England

23. ISLAM

24. Islam Founder? Muhammad-prophet Islam
B. 570 A.D. in Mecca (a trading community)
Worked with trading caravans (traveling merchants)
Troubled by society and the way people acted
Would pray and think
When 40, heard God speak to him-begins teachings of Islam
Muslim-person who follows teaching of Islam
“Person who submits”

25. Islam cont’d. 622 A.D.-Muhammad to Medina (Yathrib)
Year 1 in the Muslim calendar
630 A.D.- Muhammad returns to Mecca, spreading Islam across the Arabian peninsula
632 A.D.- Muhammad dies
Muslim beliefs
Monotheistic- one god (Allah=Arabic for God)
5 Pillars of Islam: Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Sawn, Hajj

26. 5 Pillars of Islam PILLAR DESCRIPTION How Muslims pray
Declaration of Faith
(Shahada)
Testify to God’s one-ness
“There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his Prophet
Prayer
(Salat)
Pray 5x a day facing the holy city of Mecca
How Muslims pray
Almsgiving
(Zakat)
Give to the needy. Charity
Fasting
(Sawn)
Fasting during daylight in the month of Ramadan
Pilgrimage
(Hajj)
Must go to Mecca at least once if affordable.

27. Islam cont’d What region of the world is Islam in?
It is everywhere, but highly concentrated in the Middle East
What sacred book do Muslims study?
The Koran (Quran).
What is Jihad?
Greater Jihad is the battle within to be a better person
Lesser Jihad is the more famous “Holy War”

28. Crusades

29. Do it now: Using a dictionary answer Question 1. Write it down.
Then get with a partner and answer Question 2.
Question 1: What is a “crusade”?
Question 2: What crusades have you been on in your life or are you planning to go on or do?

30. Crusades
Three major religious groups all claimed Jerusalem in the land of Palestine as their holy city.
To Christians, it was the place where Jesus was crucified and ascended to heaven
To Muslims, it was the place where Muhammad ascended to heaven
To Jews, it was the site of the ancient temple built by Solomon
Crusades

31. Crusades cont’d.
Jerusalem is claimed by 3 religions to be their “Holy city”
In 600 CE, Arabs entered Jerusalem and took control.
Allowed Jews and Christians to visit and even live there
Problem: About 1095 a group of Arab Turks took over the city and forbade the other religions access to the city.

32. Crusades cont’d. Byzantine emperor asked the Pope to help
Pope Urban II
Goes to the people and gives a moving speech
Why would the Pope go to war?
Wanted Holy land to be controlled by Christians
Would unify Europeans against Muslim Turks
Hoped to gain power and prestige for himself and the church
Possibly control trade routes to Africa, Asia, and Europe

33. Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
If you were Pope Urban II, what would you be telling the people of W. Europe to motivate them to possibly sacrifice their lives and go to the Holy Land?

34. Crusades Pope Urban II 1095 Calls for the 1st Crusade
"Christians, hasten to help your brothers in the East, for they are being attacked. Arm for the rescue of Jerusalem under your captain Christ. Wear his cross as your badge. If you are killed your sins will be pardoned."

35. Peter the Hermit Gathered up a small “peasant” army
Went to Constantinople
Even though he was advised to wait for the “main army,” he fought anyway
Most of his men died

36. 1st Crusade
European armies were able to capture Jerusalem back in 1099
No blood was spared.
Christians, Muslims, and Jews died
About 4 Christian states were set up in Jerusalem.
Muslim attacks continued
Christians launched more attacks (crusades)

37. Later Crusades 2nd Crusade had little success
Saladin-strong Arab Muslim leader
Retakes Jerusalem by 1187
King Richard I (The Lionhearted) of England asked Saladin to give it back to Christians.
Saladin said, “To us Jerusalem is as precious…as it is to you, b/c it is the place from where our prophet [Muhammad] made his journey by night to heaven….Do not dream that we will give it up to you.”

38. Knights Templar Began in about 1119 by Hugues de Payen 9 knights
Unsafe to travel to Jerusalem
Thieves, Arab Turks, Murderers
“The Order of Poor Knights of the Temple of Solomon” to protect travelers.
They stayed in the ruins of King Solomon’s Temple

39. Knights Templar cont’d.
All of a sudden, they are given total power.
Do not have to pay taxes
Given totally immunity
Begin building AWESOME castles and other buildings
Started Europe’s first banking system.
Credit Cards

40. Friday the 13th!!!!!
On Friday October 13, 1307 the Templar Grandmaster, Jacques de Molay was arrested
King Phillip IV of France ended the Knights Templar
Ever since, Friday the 13th has been known as a bad luck day.

41. Christian Crusades: East and West

42. Setting Out on Crusade

43. End of the Crusades There were about 9 crusades in all
Ending result: Many people died, Jerusalem still in the hands of the Muslims

44. Question: What causes and effects led to the First Crusade?
SECTION 1
The Crusades
Question:
What causes and effects led to the First Crusade?

45. SECTION 1
The Crusades
Turks gain control of Palestine and threaten Constantinople.
The emperor asks the pope for help.
Some 10,000 Europeans take up the cause.
Pope Urban asks European lords to free the Holy Lands from the Turks.

46. Feudal System What is it? This was the way of life by 1000 A.D.
Feudalism-land owned by kings or lords but held by vassals in return for their loyalty.
This was the way of life by 1000 A.D.
Power belonged to the landowners.
Land was owned by nobles and rented out to vassals-people who promised to follow the landowner’s laws and to fight for him.
Vassal could also be lord

47. Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

48. Feudalism cont’d
A knight would be expected to be loyal to the lord who knighted him.
The lord had to be loyal to his lord or king
Knights and lords protected the less powerful people loyal to them.
Kings were not always the nicest, though.
King John-a bad king…lie, cheat, steal, kill
Town of Runnymede, met John and made him sign Magna Carta in 1215…list of rights…like our Bill of Rights

49. Magna Carta, 1215 Runnymeade “Great Charter”
King John I
Runnymeade
“Great Charter”
monarchs were not above the law.
kings had to consult a council of advisors.
kings could not tax arbitrarily.

50. Manorial System
System of economic and political life at the local level.
Manor-large estate that included farm fields, pastures, and often an entire village.
Manor House-large house where the lord, or ruler or the manor lived.
Let’s check out a scenario of the Manorial System.

51. The Medieval Manor

52. Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work

53. Knighthood How to become a knight
Fief-A grant of something of value, most often land, from a lord to his vassal.

54. The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE

55. Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

56. Castles
Let's check out some castles

57. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

58. Parts of a Medieval Castle

59. Gothic Architectural Style
Pointed arches.
High, narrow vaults.
Thinner walls.
Flying buttresses.
Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.
Stained-glass windows.
“Flying” Buttresses

60. Key Concepts of the Middle Ages
TURMOIL
Crusades
War
Religion
Feudalism: The Middle Ages’ social order
Church became deeply involved in government
Christianity provided the basis for a first European "identity," unified in a religion common to most of the continent until the separation of Orthodox Churches from the Catholic Church in 1054.
Crusades: Popes, kings, and emperors unite and defend Christendom from the perceived aggression of Islam
From the 7th century onward, Islam had been gaining ground along Europe's southern and eastern borders.
With the spread of Christianity, church officials became deeply involved in government
Christianity provided the basis for a first European "identity," unified in a religion common to most of the continent until the separation of Orthodox Churches from the Catholic Church in 1054.
Crusades: Popes, kings, and emperors drew on the concept of Christian unity to inspire the population of Europe to unite and defend Christendom from the perceived aggression of Islam
From the 7th century onward, Islam had been gaining ground along Europe's southern and eastern borders. Muslim armies conquered Egypt, the rest of North Africa, Jerusalem, Spain, Sicily, and most of Anatolia (in modern Turkey), although they were finally turned back in western Europe by Christian armies at the Battle of Tours in southern France.