1. Biochemistry
Ms Caldarola

2. Warm up 9/29 Define these terms Nucleic acids Nucleotides Proteins
Amino acids

3. Intro to Biomolecules
Large organic molecules found in living things are known as biomolecules
Many are known as “macromolecules” because its size
Biomolecules are made from thousands of smaller molecules
Biomolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization
Polymerization – large compounds are built by joining smaller one together

4. Macromolecule
Macromolecules - large molecules made up of smaller organic molecules
There are four classes of macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

5. Biomolecules
biomolecule – an organic molecule produced by living organisms and made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
2 types
Organic molecules – “chemicals of life”
Contain carbon
Inorganic molecules
Does not contain carbon

6. Monomer
Monomer – molecules that may react with other similar molecules to form a chain

7. Polymer
Polymer – chain of many monomers that are chemically bonded together

8. How are polymers formed
Polymers are formed thought a process called dehydration synthesis or condensation.
During this process, 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom are removed from the monomers to form water, then, 2 monomers are joined together

9. How are polymers broken apart?
Polymers are broken apart by the reverse of condensation, a process called hydrolysis.
During this process, water is added to the polymer, which “un-links” the chain and breaks the polymer back into its original monomer units

10. Lets talk about sugar.. The word saccharide means sugar Types of Sugar
Prefix
Mono means 1
Di means 2
Poly means many
Types of Sugar
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharides
Animals: Excess sugar is stored as glycogen
Plants: excess sugar is stored as starch and cellulose

11. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates – groups of organic molecules the includes sugar, starches, and cellulose
Living things use carbohydrates as a source of energy
Carbohydrates
Structure: macromolecules: polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen, cellulose
Subunit: monosaccharides (simple sugar) such as glucose and galactose
Functions: energy, cell wall, structural support

12. Carbohydrates Structure: made up of C, H, and O atoms
Ratio- 1Carbon:2 Hydrogen:1 Oxygen (CHO)
Subunits: monosaccharides like glucose and fructose
Subunits are connected by covalent bonds

13. Lipids
Lipids – group of organic molecules that includes fats, phospholipids (part of cell membrane), oils, waxes, and steroids
Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms
Lipids
Structure : fats, waxes phospholipids, and steroids
Subunit: glycerol and fatty acids or glycerol, fatty acids and a phosphate group or five fused hydrocarbon rings (steroids)
Functions: store energy, component of cellular membranes (waterproof covering), hormones, insulation in animal tissues

14. Lipids
Structure: they are insoluble in water, and do not form large polymers – just 2 or 3 fatty acids with glycerol (diglyceride and triglyceride)
How are they formed? When a glycerol molecule combines with a fatty acids

15. Lipids 2 types of bonds Saturated
When a carbon atom in a lipids fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond
Fatty acids contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
Unsaturated
One carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid
Lipids who fatty acids
contain more than one
double bond are
polyunsaturated

16. Proteins
Proteins – groups of organic molecules that provide structure and facilitate chemical reactions
Contains nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Proteins
Structure: macromolecules: polypeptides arranged in a biologically functional way (globular proteins, fibrous proteins, and membrane proteins)

17. Protein Subunit: chains of amino acids sometimes called peptides
Polymers of molecules called amino acids
Amino acid (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other
Covalent bonds called peptides bonds like the amino acids together to form polypeptides

18. Proteins
Function:
acts as a catalysis enzymes (speed rate of chemical reactions)
transport of materials
structural component in cells
mechanical functions (muscle, cytoskeleton),
cell signaling
immune response

19. Nucleic Acid
Nucleic Acid – group of organic molecules including DNA and RNA
Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
Nucleic Acid
Structure: macromolecules: Polynucleotides (DNA, RNA)
Functions: encode genes, gene expression (storage and retrieval of information)

20. Nucleic Acid Subunit: nucleotides
Nucleotides – polymers assembled from monomers
Includes ATP – adenosine triphosphate
Made of
5 carbon sugar,
a nitrogen base, &
phosphate groups (-PO4)