1. The Industrial Revolution

2. The Start of the Industrial Revolution
By 1750, the Agricultural Revolution had led to a large increase in Europe’s population.
About 93% of the people of Europe lived in rural areas.
New innovations revolutionized manufacturing.
People began emigrating from rural to urban areas searching for economic opportunities.
Advances in medicine, hygiene and agriculture improved the quality and length of people’s lives. * *

3. Industrial Revolution Agricultural Revolution Norman Invasion
Black Death * *

4. London in 1440 and 1840
Urbanization and industrialization changed the architecture and way of life in London.
Right: London 1140 and 1840, from Pugin’s Contrasts, published 1836.
Urbanization: The process in which more people move to cities. * *

5. Agricultural Revolution
Enclosure - English land owners began buying village lands and fencing them in.
Land that was used in common was now forcing peasents to become tenant farmers (pay rent to use) or move to the city to become employees
New farming methods – seed drill, horse-drawn hoe, crop rotation, iron plow with replaceable parts… All of this led to:
Increased production of crops because efficiency sky rocketed due to the new methods

6. From the Country to the City
The population of England rose slowly, by less than two million people, during the 100 years from 1700 to 1800.
The population then increased sharply from 1801 to 1901, increasing by over 22 million.
Many people moved into the cities looking for work.
Population of England
1700 – 1901
1700 – * *

7. England saw itself as the center of the world!* *

8. Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Factors of production
Land – natural resources such as coal & iron ore
Capital - $$
Labor – growth in population and migration to the cities created a massive, (potentially cheap) labor force
Textile Industry and being a trade leader

9. England had the widest global trade network of colonies.
English Trade Routes of 1700 * *

10. The Textile Industry
To meet growing demands for cotton products, automatic machinery was used to increase production (mechanization)
Inventions such as the loom and yarn shuttle refined the cloth making process
An Increased demand for thread necessitated the invention of the spinning jenny and water loom

11. Spinning jenny demonstration, click to view* *

12. spinning mule machine * *

13. Eli Whitney
In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, a mechanical device used to remove the seeds from cotton fiber.
Prior to the cotton gin, seeds were removed by hand.
Not only did the cotton gin allow faster production of cotton, it was also capable of processing the short fiber or "short staple" cotton, thereby increasing the amount and type of cotton available for the industry.
An unintended consequence of the cotton gin was that, in expanding cotton production in the southern United States, it caused an increase in the use of slave labor used to plant and harvest cotton. * *

14. Factory System
Richard Arkwright opened the first spinning mill in the 1780’s.
Need for raw cotton
Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin in the Southern States

15. To make production even more efficient steam began to replace water as the major power source.
Why?
Location, Location, Location!

16. James Watt and Practical Steam Power
James Watt was a Scottish engineer who, in 1775, modified the steam engine and made it practical for industrial use.
He is credited with the invention of the sun and planet gear, a method of converting reciprocal (back and forth) motion to rotary (circular) motion.
James Watt
Sun and Planet Gear * *

17. The Coal and Iron Deposits of England
The Industrial Revolution in England was possible in part because England had abundant supplies of coal and iron. * *

18. Iron & Steel Iron and Steel are required to make more machines
Besemer Process - a cheaper and more efficient method of making steel
Allowed for production of other materials to be mechanized – shoes, clothing, ammunition, furniture

19. Transportation & Communication
Transportation of raw materials and finished products drove improvements such as:
Stone-topped roadways
Canals
Steam engine locomotives (trains)
Steamboats
The telegraph and Morse code allow global communication

20. Steam Coaches were an early potential competitor to trains
Steam Coaches were an early potential competitor to trains. However, the danger of steam engine explosions and other safety issues made them impractical.
This comic depicting two large steam coaches demonstrates the public’s doubts about their safety. * *

21. Canals in England
From 1760 to 1790, over 4,000 miles of canals were built in England.
The most famous of these was the Bridgewater Canal, built by engineer James Brindley for the Duke of Bridgewater in 1761.
Barges moved coal from the Duke’s mines in Worsley to his factories in Manchester.
The mines had over 46 miles of underground canals used to transport coal to the surface.
James Brindley
A Canal and Factory Town in 1827
Bridgewater Canal * *

22. The Manchester Ship Canal and Railway connected Manchester to the port at Liverpool.* *