1. The Parents’ Role: What NOT to do
Love Withdrawal
teaches guilt and self-blame
Power Assertion
teaches fear
Continually Verbally Criticize
teaches self-doubt, self-loathing
Don’t give an option when there are none!
avoid “is that okay?”
e.g., “Time for your bath, okay?”

2. Parental Conflict
Many agree: Divorce that ends parental conflict better than conflict-ridden marriage.
Impact of conflict on children: Negative interactions with peers, anxiety about parent’s whereabouts, and increased behavioral problems.
Vulnerability to internalizing conflicts (self
blame, role-reversal).
Parental violence -- aggression and
withdrawal.

3. What about conflict resolution?
Conflict not necessarily good, but better to see resolution of conflict for preschoolers-teens
NOT true for babies!
Should not argue in front of babies
Why?
Cognitive load/arousal!
They cannot process/interpret
Only feel negative impact of arousal on body

4. Review Provide children with skills -- social knowledge
Timeouts and withdrawal of privileges work (if done correctly, consistently!)
Consistency, explanations, role models -- induction/empathy, positive discipline (8:1 ratio)
What NOT to do: love withdrawal, power assertion, verbally criticize, options when none there
Conflict not good, but resolution of conflict better for preschoolers; not true for babies (limited cognitive capabilities)

5. Baumrind’s Four Types of Parenting
Accepting,
Responsive
Rejecting,
Unresponsive
Demanding
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Undemanding
Uncontrolling
Permissive
Uninvolved

6. Research on Parenting Styles: Child Outcomes

7. TV Parents: How to respond, based on parenting style?
6- year old Michael and his four-year-old sister Amy are playing with toy cars while their mother is in the next room. Michael is playing with a dump truck and Amy is playing with a fire truck. Michael grabs the fire truck from Amy. Amy starts to scream and cry.
How do you respond as a ________ parent?

8. How to respond? Channel Heathcliff and Claire!
The Cosby’s are an excellent example of Authoritative parenting……FIRM, but loving and respectful.

9. To spank or not to spank? Is spanking good or bad for children?
If spanking is okay, under what circumstances?
What are outcomes for children?

10. Why do parents use physical punishment?
immediate compliance
easy compared to other forms of discipline
show child who’s in control
teach right vs. wrong
show child “how it feels” to get hit
show children parent is upset
relieve parent’s anger
On EXAM
Mothers and fathers are equally likely to spank children.
Parents’ most likely to spank when children hit them
Be sure to talk about RISE in child abuse and why this is happening.

11. Why NOT to spank Immediate compliance but no long-term results
Attribute compliance to parent’s use of force
does not internalize appropriate behavior
Not instructional…no teaching
Models aggression
Learns to fear and dislike parent
In some cases, physical punishment can escalate to abuse
Arousal = Impaired information-processing (learning/memory)*

12. Long term effects of spanking
Few internalized moral values
Lower self-esteem
Rejected by peers -- aggression
More troublesome to parents than children who are not spanked
As adults more likely to hit children & spouse
As adults, may seek out abusive relationships
More likely to be depressed & suicidal thoughts
More likely to commit violent and criminal acts

13. Which of Baumrind’s parenting types spanks the most of the four groups?
Authoritarian
What kind of discipline do these parents use when they can no longer spank their children?

14. Review of Spanking Immediate compliance but no long-term results
No internalization; no teaching
Models aggression -- rejected by peers
More problems as adults
hit children & spouse & seek out abusive relationships
depressed & suicidal thoughts
commit violent and criminal acts
*BUT some mixed research findings
re: race/temperament effects…
Talk about Child Abuse
Which of the following is TRUE concerning the historical context of child maltreatment?
Child abuse did not exist in Colonial America
During the period of industrialization, urban problems such as disease, exploitation, and poor sanitation caused a change in attitude regarding the welfare of children; specifically, leaders became concerned with the welfare of children
The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals existed before there were laws against cruelty to children
By the 1930’s the U.S. formally recognized abuse as a national concern and passed the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act
Which of the following is NOT true about child maltreatment?
Physical abuse often begins as physical punishment
The perpetrator of abuse is most likely a parent.
Most people who abuse are psychologically disturbed.
Younger children are more likely to be abused than older children.

15. Adolescents, their parents and peers…
Lies and deception
The power of peers
Social pressure and societal shifts
What works