1. Public Speaking
The Process

2. Select Your Topic and Purpose
Topic - something that is interesting to you and your audience.
Depends upon the type of speech you are giving.

3. Select Your Topic and Purpose
Informative - select a topic somewhat familiar to your audience, but will make them wanting more.
Persuasive - choose either a topic your audience agrees with or disagrees with.
Narrative - tell a story your audience will find interesting.

4. Select Your Topic and Purpose
taboo - a topic that causes conflict.
Avoid taboos in speeches.

5. Select Your Topic and Purpose
How to find your topic:
Topic Lists
Surveys
News Items
Personal Interest

6. Select Your Topic and Purpose
Limit your topic - plan to cover a topic in depth rather than a broad, general topic.

7. Select Your Topic and Purpose
General purpose - inform, persuade, narrate
Specific purpose - identifies the information you want to communicate to your audience.

8. Analyze Your Audience Important factors to know about your audience:
culture
age
gender
religion/religiousness

9. Analyze Your Audience How does your audience think?
How willing is your audience?
How knowledgeable is your audience?
How favorable is your audience?

10. Analyze Your Audience Analyze and Adapt
Focus on your listeners as message senders
Address audience responses directly

11. Research Your Topic Begin searching what you already know
Get an overview of the topic
Follow up with more detailed and specific sources

12. Research
How do you integrate research into your speech?

13. Research
Example:
My discussion of the causes of anorexic nervosa is based on the work of Dr. Peter Rowan of the Priory Hospital in London. In an article titled “Introducing Anorexia Nervosa,” Rowan notes that “this is a disorder of many causes that come together.” It’s these causes I want to cover today.

14. Research Introduce the quote Author Where you got the information
Explain how it relates
Use quote to continue your thoughts

15. Thesis and Main Points Start with your thesis - main idea
What is your “claim”? What is the main thought behind your speech? What are you saying?

16. Thesis and Main Points Main Points
These are the points you want your audience to take away from your speech
Select points that are most relevant, not just to fill space
Shoot for around 3 main points.

17. Support Your Main Points
Examples, illustrations, testimony
Definitions
Statistics
Logical support
Motivational support
Credibility

18. Organize Your Information
Time
Spatial
Topical
Problem-Solution
Cause-Effect/Effect-Cause
Motivated Sequence
Structure-Function
Compare-Contrast
Pros and Cons
Claim and Proof
Multiple Definitions
Who, What, When, Where, Why
Fiction-Fact

19. Time
Organize major issues on the basis of some time, or temporal relationship
Organize into two, three, or four major parts.
Typically used for historical events or topics that take place in time.

20. Spatial
Patterning the main points on the basis of space or physical location.
Discussions of physical objects or travel fit well.

21. Topical Pattern Divides the speech into subtopics or component parts.
Useful for discussing larger topics that have multiple parts.

22. Problem-Solution
Divides main topic into two main parts: problems and solutions.
Useful for persuasive speeches.
You must provide solutions to problems.

23. Cause-Effect/Effect-Cause
Similar to problem-solution
Useful for persuasive speeches
Divide into causes and effects

24. Motivated Sequence
Arrange information to motivate your audience to respond positively to your purpose
Attention
Need
Satisfaction
Visualization
Action

25. Structure-Function Discussion of how something is constructed.
Useful in informative speeches.

26. Comparison-Contrast
Discussion of how two things are similar and different
Useful in informative

27. Pro and Con
Useful in informative speeches
Objective explanations

28. Claim and Proof Prove truth or usefulness of a proposition
Useful for persuasive
Used frequently in trials

29. Multiple Definition Useful in informative speeches
Explain the nature of a concept

30. Who, What, Why, Where, When Useful in informative speeches
Mainly for reporting events

31. Fiction-Fact Useful in clarifying misconceptions (think Mythbusters)
Informative or Persuasive

33. Discussion
George and Rose want to give their speeches on opposite sides of Megan’s law-the law requiring that community residents be notified if a convicted sex offender is living in close proximity. If George and Rose were giving their speeches to our class, what would you advise each of them to do concerning the statement of their thesis?

34. Discussion
You’re to give a speech to your class on the need to establish a day care center for parents who attend college but have no means to hire people to take care of their children. You want to use the motivated sequence. How would you accomplish each step?

35. Practice
Conduct a biographical search for some famous person you’re interested in.
Create a one minute speech using one of the strategies discussed about your chosen individual.

36. Preparation and Delivery
Public Speaking
Preparation and Delivery

37. Word Your Speech
Your speech must be understood immediately by your audience.
Be sure to use qualifiers: however, although, perhaps, etc.

38. Word Your Speech Clarity Vividness Appropriateness Personal Style
Power
Sentence Construction

39. Clarity Be Economical - Don’t waste words.
Use Specific Terms and Numbers
Use Guide Phrases - first, second, also...
Use Short, Familiar Terms - favor the short over the long
Carefully Assess Idioms - use words your audience will understand
Vary the Levels of Abstraction - Combine high abstraction with low

40. Vividness
Use Active Verbs
Use Figures of Speech
Use Imagery

41. Appropriateness Speak at the appropriate level of formality
Avoid Written-style expression (former, latter, etc)
Avoid slang, vulgar, and offensive expressions

42. Personal Style Use personal pronouns Direct questions to the audience
Create immediacy - a connectedness, a relatedness, a oneness with your listeners.

43. Power Avoid the following Hesitations Too many intensifiers
Disqualifies
Tag questions
Self-critical statements
Slang and vulgar language

44. Sentence Construction
Favor short over long sentences
Favor direct over indirect sentences
Favor active over passive sentences
Favor positive over negative sentences
Vary the type and length of sentences

45. Construct Build your Conclusion and Introduction with care
Both will determine the effectiveness of your speech.

46. Conclusion
Summarize
Close

47. Summarize Restate your thesis. Restate the importance of your thesis.
Restate your main points.

48. Close Use a quotation. Pose a challenge or question.
Motivate your audience to do something.
Thank the audience.

49. Introduction
Gain Attention
Orient the Audience

50. Gain Attention Ask a question Refer to specific audience members
Refer to recent happenings
Use illustrations or dramatic or humorous stories
Use visual aids

51. Orient the Audience Give the audience a general idea of your subject.
Give a detailed preview of your main points.
Identify the goal you hope to achieve.

52. Avoiding Some Common Faults
Don’t start your speech immediately.
Don’t display discomfort or displeasure.
Don’t apologize.
Don’t preface your introduction.
Don’t introduce new material in your conclusion.
Don’t race away from the speaker’s stand.

53. Transitions
Words, phrases, or sentences that connect the various parts of your speech.
Use
between the introduction and the body of your speech
between the body and the conclusion
between the main points in the body of the speech.

54. Transitions Announce the start of a main point or evidence
Signal you are drawing a conclusion from evidence
Alert the audience to an exception
Remind listeners what you have said
Signal the next part of your speech.

55. Internal Summary
A statement that summarize what you have already discussed.

56. Organization
Preparation Outline
Template Outline
Delivery Outline

57. Rehearse Your Speech Impromptu - speaking without preparation
Manuscript - write and read speech
Extemporaneous - know what you want to say but not reading

58. Deliver Your Speech
Voice
Body
Notes

59. Voice
Volume
Rate
Articulation and Pronunciation
Pauses

60. Body Action Eye Contact Facial Expression Gestures and Posture
Movement

61. Using Notes Only use outline (unless manuscript speech)
Know your notes so you don’t have to read them
Don’t make it obvious that you are looking at your notes.

62. Evaluating Speeches Say something positive Be specific Be objective
Limit criticism
Be constructive
Focus on behavior
Own your own criticism
Be culturally sensitive