1. The Industrial Revolution
9.2 Manchester:
The Industrial Revolution
Examine how scientific and technological changes and new reforms of energy brought about massive social, economic, and cultural change (e.g. inventions and discoveries of James Watt, Eli Whitney, Henry Bessemer, Louis Pasteur, Thomas Edison.)
Describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration, and growth of cities associated with the Industrial Revolution.

2. Industrial Revolution Review
Period marking the introduction of mass production, improved transportation, technological progress, and the industrial factory system that started in England in the late 18th century
Resulted in a shift from home-based hand manufacturing (Cottage Industry) to large-scale factory production

3. Change in industry brought many benefits for the British
Change has Advantages
Change in industry brought many benefits for the British
Mass production cheaper goods
Created jobs for workers
Contributed to wealth of the nation
Encouraged technological progress
Raised standard of living
Improved people’s lives
Growth of the Middle Class

4. Industrialization Changes Life
By the 1800’s, people could earn higher wages working in factories than on farms
They could now afford to heat their homes with coal, eat beef, and wear better clothes
City populations swelled with waves of new job seekers

5. What are the advantages of the Industrial Revolution?
QUIZ WIZ
What are the advantages of the Industrial Revolution?
Mass production cheaper goods
Created jobs for workers
Contributed to wealth of the nation
Encouraged technological progress
Raised standard of living
Improved people’s lives

6. Urbanization
For centuries Europeans lived and worked in rural (farm) areas
After 1800, the balance shifted toward cities
This shift was caused by the growth of factories concentrated in a central location
Between 1800 and 1850, Growth of factory systems caused cities to quadruple
This period is known as a period of urbanization: movement of people to urban areas (cities)

7. Migration in Great Britain
ACTIVITY:
Urbanization
Migration in Great Britain

8. MANCHESTER POPULATION IN THOUSANDS 351 90 1800 1870 500 400 300 200
100 90
1800
1870

9. BIRMINGHAM POPULATION IN THOUSANDS 344 74 1800 1870 500 400 300 200
100 74
1800
1870

10. GLASGOW
POPULATION
IN THOUSANDS
500
400
322
300
200
100 77
1800
1870

11. LONDON POPULATION IN THOUSANDS 3,890 1,117 1800 1870 4000 3000 2000
1000
1800
1870

13. Manchester Factories were built near sources of energy, usually cities
The largest growth occurred in England. London became Europe’s largest city with over one million people
Other cities developed and grew as well
Manchester- textile manufacturing centers
Manchester grew from 45,000 in 1760 to 300,000 by 1850

14. Factories were in cities which allowed for more job opportunities
QUIZ WIZ
What was the cause for the huge jump in urbanization (from rural to city living)?
Factories were in cities which allowed for more job opportunities

15. Change also has its Disadvantages

16. The Mills of Manchester
The city of Manchester England is a perfect example of the successes and problems of the Industrial Revolution
The city’s rapid and unplanned growth made it an unhealthy place for poor people who lived and worked there

17. -Poor housing Living Conditions Filthy Slums Overcrowding Pollution
Disease & Death
Crime
Average life span for
someone living in a
city was 17 compared
to 38 in the country side.

18. POOR HOUSING

19. FILTHY SLUMS

20. OVER CROWDING

22. POLLUTION

23. DISEASES

24. CHOLERA
Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacteria
The terrible living conditions during the Industrial Revolution led to many deaths due to Cholera
The short incubation period of 2 hours to five days leaves roughly 100,000 people dead every year

25. Describe the living conditions during the Industrial Revolution?
QUIZ WIZ
Describe the living conditions during the Industrial Revolution?
Poor housing Filthy Slums
Overcrowding Pollution
Disease & Death Crime

26. Draw a sketch depicting CITY LIFE during the Industrial Revolution
Overcrowding
Poor housing
Crime
Filth
Pollution
Disease and death

27. Working Conditions Conditions were VERY harsh
Creation of the Assembly Line
14+ hours a day
6 days a week
Little or no breaks
Factories were dark and dangerous
Many were killed or injured
No job security
Women and children were employed in because they were the cheapest source of labor

28. Assembly Line
In 1913, Henry Ford, introduced the assembly line to speed up production
The assembly line broke each job down to small tasks
It was efficient and produced more goods at a cheaper price

29. Assembly Line

32. How did assembly lines benefit factories in the Industrial Revolution?
QUIZ WIZ
How did assembly lines benefit factories in the Industrial Revolution?
Assembly lines sped up production. The assembly line broke each job down to small tasks. It was efficient and produced more goods at a cheaper price.

33. CHILD LABOR

34. Children were also punished for arriving late for work and for talking to the other children.
Orphans were the ones subject to this slave-like labor. The factory owners justified their absence of payroll by saying that they gave the orphans food, shelter, and clothing, all of which were far below par. The children who did get paid were paid very little.

35. In some factories children were dipped head first into the water tank if they became drowsy

37. Children were treated very badly and taken advantage of
Children were usually hit with a strap to make them work faster

38. Crippled Children from Industrial Accidents

39. What were working conditions like during the Industrial Revolution?
QUIZ WIZ
What were working conditions like during the Industrial Revolution?
Working Conditions were VERY harsh
14+ hours a day
6 days a week
Little or no breaks
Factories were dark and dangerous
Many were killed or injured
No job security
Women and children were employed in because they were the cheapest source of labor.

40. Class Tensions Grow
Though Britain’s poverty gripped working class, the Industrial Revolution created enormous amounts of wealth in the nation
Tensions developed due to the large gap between the rich and the poor

41. Social Class
The NEW money of the Industrial Revolution came from the growing middle class- factory owners, shippers, professionals, skilled workers, merchants, and managers
New middle class transformed society in Great Britain
In the past, upper class aristocracy occupied top positions in society
Now with the growing middle class becoming equally wealthy they were resentful of growing rich middle class
Eventually, a larger middle class-neither rich nor poor- emerged

42. Which social class grew as a result of the Industrial Revolution?
QUIZ WIZ
Which social class grew as a result of the Industrial Revolution?
Middle Class

43. Analyzing Key Concepts
ACTIVITY:
Industrialization-
Analyzing Key Concepts

45. WORKING CONDITIONS *Industry created many new jobs
*Factories were dirty, unsafe,
and dangerous
*Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline
LONG-TERM EFFECT-
Workers won higher wages,
shorter hours, better conditions

46. SOCIAL CLASSES *Factory workers were overworked
*Overseers and skilled workers rose to lower middle class. Factory owners and merchants formed upper middle class.
*Upper class resented those in middle class who became wealthier than they were.
LONG- TERM EFFECT- Standard of living generally rose
Upper
Class
Upper Middle Class
Lower Middle Class
Working Class

47. SIZE OF CITIES *Factories brought job seekers to cities
*Urban areas doubled, tripled,
or quadrupled in size.
*Many cities specialized in
certain industries.
LONG-TERM EFFECT-
Suburbs grew as people
fled overcrowded cities

48. LIVING CONDTIONS *Cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls
*Housing, water, and social
services were scarce
*Epidemics swept through
the city
LONG-TERM EFFECT- Housing,
diet, and clothing improved