1. Lecture 8 Saturday, October 21st
Kristina Gonzales, BS, MHA

2. Geography & the World
Gonzales, Fall 2017

3. Lesson 1: Early Civilizations
Earliest known civilization  ancient Egypt
5000 B.C.E.  people who lived along the
Nile River started to take advantage of the fertile soil
River and irrigation system allowed them to grow food
3000 B.C.E.  rule of the Pharaohs = Egypt’s kings ; thought to be part GOD; house in pyramids for their next life (built by slaves)

4. Lesson 1: Early Civilizations
Northeast of Egypt  Fertile Crescent, Sumerian city states were developing irrigation & flood control methods. Also created a system of writing
1800 B.C.E.  Sumerians conquered by Babylonians
Babylonian King, Hammurabi, was known for codifying laws… Code of Hammurabi, which was written on a huge stone

5. Lesson 1: Early Civilizations
Civilization of  Ancient Greece…developed around a sea (not a river, unlike Egypt)
Not politically unified , fought for control over the lands; Sparta – warlike state that took over many city states
Athens, was known for their democracy. Citizens could vote
Classical Greece only lasted a few hundred years, but its ideas of democracy and arts still remain

6. Lesson 1: Early Civilizations
Greece was eventually conquered, first by Philip II of Macedon and than by the Romans Ancient Rome
Rome was a city on the Italian Peninsula, governed by wealthy citizens & an elected Senate & governed by a system of laws
Power grew & took over lands around the Mediterranean Sea, pushing to England & Asia  100 C.E.
Roman leaders built systems & infrastructures to make a stronger empire  schools, bridges, hospitals, tax system, army; which we still use in the US
Roman Empire lasted until 476 C.E.

7. Lesson 1: Early Civilizations
During ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. People made important scientific discoveries
Central America  Maya culture, strongest from C.E.
Invented a pictographic writing system
South America  Inca Empire
Sophisticated systems of government
Built amazing roads and bridges
Mexico  Aztecs
Invented written language and calendar system
Expanded farmlands with mud

8. Lesson 2: Feudalism to Nation States
Middle ages  in Europe AD
Once the strong government of Rome weakened, Europe became vulnerable from warring groups
Charlemagne, tribal ruler, conquered most of Europe by 800
Established laws, spread Christianity & encouraged education & commerce
He died in 814, Europe became unstable and feel under, and Feudalism
Under feudalism, kings granted control of land to nobles
Peasants  farmed at the manor they pay taxes to nobles, and nobles pay to the kings

9. Lesson 2: Feudalism to Nation States
During the early middle ages, in the east, the religion of Islam by prophet Muhammad was founded
Followers of Islam's = Muslims
Established empires & the people converted to Islam
The Islamic empire didn’t last, but the religion still exist
During the middle ages, Christians & Muslim Turks fought over Jerusalem in series of wars = Crusades
Christians gained control of Jerusalem, but only for 90 years
Lasting effect of the Crusades  trade between Europe & Middle East
As trade grew, feudalism decreased

10. Lesson 2: Feudalism to Nation States
Europe began to form monarchs  combined territories of small rulers and took advantage of the wealth of cities
England's monarchy was established by 1100
Renaissance  spread from Italy across Europe between
Growth in education, science, and arts
Led to changes in catholic church
Reformation  1500s
Reformers criticized the church for abusing its power
Protestants 
Believed that people should read the bible themselves rather than follow the pope

11. Lesson 3: The Age of Revolutions
Political revolutions
In the Age of Revolutions, people wanted more political power
American revolution  important cause was British taxation
British citizens in England were represented in the government through the Parliament
American colonist did not have representatives in that body, they believed they should not have to pay the special taxes since they had no voice in determining laws
By 1776, they declared themselves as their own nation…the United States if America

12. Lesson 3: The Age of Revolutions
Revolutionaries in France were inspired by the US Declaration of Independence and US constitution
France had no Parliament, the French monarch had absolute power
Nobility = power, no taxes
Citizens = heavy taxes and few rights of freedom
1789  French people organized National Assembly
King Louis XVI fought against this and started the French Revolution, lasted 10 years

13. Lesson 3: The Age of Revolutions
Latin America  began to shake off European rule
Haiti  slaves over turned French rule and established an independent nation in 1804
Mexican revolutions  finally won their independence from Spain in 1821
South America  revolutions rocked the continent until 1824
Revolutions are not always political…
Industrial Revolution in late 1700s---new equipment
Factory model
Steam engines
Workers moved into factory town & cities to work for wages
Revolution brought a mixture of benefits & problems
Social mobility, child labor, crowded cities, pollution

14. Lesson 3: The Age of Revolutions
The Industrial revolution brought sweeping social changes
Aristocracy
After the revolution, manufacturing and trade became more important economically than agriculture
Merchant classes became more powerful

15. Lesson 4: Exploration, Colonialism, & Wars
WWI  resulted from nationalism and imperialism
The desire to extend their empires
Led to military build up
War broke out 1914 between Serbia & Austria-Hungary over assassination of an Austrian leader
Germany & Austria were main Central Powers, fought against Allies (England, France, Russia, Serbia, US)
War ended = millions died, devastated Europe, jobless people and homelessness
1918  Treaty of Versailles …Germany was blamed for the war and forced to pay reparations to Allies

16. Lesson 4: Exploration, Colonialism, & Wars
Revolution in Russia – began during WW1
The Russian Czar refused to pull out of war
1917  Czar and family was assassinated & Russian revolution ended
Bolsheviks founded the Soviet Union as a communist nation
Great Depression  began in the US when stock market crashed 1929
1933  Germany affected, unemployment & starvation; Adolf Hitler rose to power…terrible form of nationalism
Killed people who were not part of the Aryan race
The Holocaust
He wanted to take over all of Europe

17. Lesson 4: Exploration, Colonialism, & Wars
When Hitler invaded Poland in 1939, England and France declared war on Germany, WWII began
The Axis powers were defeated by the Allies
US dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima to end the war
AFTER WWII…US and Soviet Union emerged as superpowers
Former allies (1 democratic and 1 communist)
They didn’t trust each other and this lead to the Cold War
To catch up, the Soviet Union started their own nuclear weapons and the Arms Race started
1990  Soviet bloc was falling apart; split into 15 countries in 1991

18. Lesson 5: Humans & the Environment
Populations  the movement and growth of population groups
Play a major role in defining and altering geographic regions
A population may be native to a geographic area
Sometimes populations migrate over long distances
The distribution of population within a region depends on many factors, such as resources, jobs, favorable conditions, BUT conditions are ever changing
Urban 
Rural 

19. Lesson 5: Humans & the Environment
Suburban  often follows urban growth
As cities become crowded, the urban population spreads into countryside
Agriculture changes
Farming
Political boundaries are in dispute, or ethnic groups declare war on each other, local population shifts
Human population grows, affect natural environment
Manufacturing and urbanization cause air and water pollution

20. Interpreting Nonfiction & Informational Text
Gonzales, Fall 2017

21. Lesson 1: Main Ideas and Details Lesson 2: Restatement and Summary
Language Arts Review
Lesson 1: Main Ideas and Details
Main idea  the writers message
Stated directly or you’ll need to figure it out yourself
Supporting details  includes facts, examples, descriptions, and specific pieces of information
Lesson 2: Restatement and Summary
Restating  putting it into your own words
Summarize  includes the most important facts and ideas
-the purpose; not easily found
-facts, examples, descriptions, and specific pieces of information
-putting into your own words
-choose the most important details that explain the main idea of a piece
Gonzales, Spring 2017

22. Lesson 3: Application of Ideas
Language Arts- Lesson 3
Lesson 3: Application of Ideas
Apply ideas  use information you already know in a new similar situation
Lets practice…
-5 minutes to read passage
Questions…
Gonzales, Spring 2017