1. Do Now:
How would you describe modern day Western Europe (UK, Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Austria, Sweden, etc.)? What are some things that come to mind? (designer clothes, great food, ancient art and architecture)
Cities: London, Paris, Milan, Barcelona, Florence, Berlin, etc.

3. Islamic Caliphate
Before the Abbasid Empire was wiped out by the Mongols, who sacked Baghdad in
The Islamic Empire had expanded into parts of the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and the Indian subcontinent.
The Islamic economy flourished because of trade and commerce with China and the Mediterranean AND because goods such as silk, spices, carpets, and jewelry were manufactured
The Caliphate valued education and knowledge and made tremendous strides in math and science

4. Western Europe
After the fall of the Roman Empire, Western Europe initially was the least powerful and likely to thrive.
In fact, because the region produced very few literary, artistic, or cultural creations this period has been called the “dark ages.”
The region was extremely violent because of threats of invasion from external forces-- the Byzantines, Slavs, and Scandinavians and internal conflict as Germanic tribes struggled to establish their own monarchies

5. Why did Western Europe fail to develop and remain so far behind other thriving civilizations?

8. Pope Gregory the Great: 600 AD
“Where is the Senate? Where are the people? The bones are all dissolved, the flesh is consumed, all the pomp and dignities of this world is gone. The whole mass is boiled away.”
What did Pope Gregory mean by this statement?

9. Major Time Periods Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: – 1250
Late Middle Ages:

10. The Franks: Clovis •
•King of the Franks, strongest of the Germanic tribes (modern day Germany)
•486 - Defeats Romans in Gaul (modern day France)
•502 - Clovis promises to convert to Christianity if able to defeat the Alemanni, a confederacy of Germanic-speaking people who occupied the regions south of the Main and east of the Rhine rivers in present-day Germany.

11. Baptism of Clovis
The baptism of Clovis in Rheims in 496. Painting by François-Louis Dejuinne .

12. Medieval Law: Trials by Ordeal
Authority figures used fear to keep the peasantry under control!
Ordeal by fire
Ordeal by water
Ordeal by combat (reserved for noblemen)
After 1215, in Medieval England the trial by ordeal was replaced by a trial by jury.

14. Merovingian Dynasty
-The dynasty was founded by Clovis’ father Childeric I
- Clovis is considered the first major leader of the dynasty
- The Merovingians had a custom where the king was obligated to divide the kingdom’s territory between his sons
How could this potentially create political instability?

15. Political Instability
The custom of dividing the kingdom threatened the stability of the monarchy
Following Clovis’ death, the kingdom was divided between his sons - and the land was further subdivided with each passing generation
Wars between royal descendents were common but the real threat were the consistent attacks by the Slavs, Lombards, and the Muslims

16. Charles Martel “The Hammer”
c. 688—died Oct. 22, 741
Established the foundation for the Carolingian dynasty after the Merovingians lost power in the region
Charles was the illegitimate son of Pippin II of Herstal, the mayor of the palace of Austrasia
Became mayor of the palace of Austrasia (northeastern France, Belgium, and areas of western and central Germany) 715 to 741
He reunited and ruled the entire Frankish kingdom and stopped the Muslim invasion at the Battle of Tours in 732
Became the de-facto king of the entire Frankish kingdom

17. Carolingian Dynasty
Merovingian dynasty gradually lost power over time and the last ruler Childeric III was deposed in 752 by Pope Zachary
Pope Stephen II, Zachary’s successor, appointed Charles Martel’s son Pepin the Short as king in 754
Pepin was the first ruler of the Carolingian dynasty and Charlemagne’s father

18. Question:
How could Charlemagne becoming emperor of the Holy Roman Empire lead to conflict among other powerful empires?

20. Charlemagne
(born April 2, 747?—died January 28, 814, Aachen, Austrasia [now in Germany])
Charlemagne also known as…
Charles I
Charles the Great
Charles le Grand
Carolus Magnus
Karl der Grosse
He was the king of the Franks (768–814), king of the Lombards (774–814), and emperor (800–814).

21. Charlemagne
770s - Charlemagne expanded his empire into Lombardy, fought the Saxons of Germany, and controlled the Papacy of Rome
Government
Barons: lords who pledged allegiance to the king and received land in return
Missi dominici: officials sent by some Frankish kings and emperors to supervise provincial administration
Education: founded schools and established curriculum with the help of Alcuin of York
Emperor: 800 AD —Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as “Emperor of the Romans” in appreciation for protecting him against the nobles in Rome

22. The crowning caused conflict...
•Byzantine emperors thought of themselves as the true Roman heirs
•Laid the foundation for later power struggles between Roman Catholic Popes and German Emperors.

23. Discuss!
To what extent did Charles Martel and Charlemagne help to stabilize the Frankish kingdom? Why is that the case?

24. Viking Invasions
Raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who were were skilled craftsmen, navigators and sailors
Viking longships were capable of sailing long voyages in the deep sea or shallow rivers and streams
Vikings believed in many gods and goddesses - since they were not Christians monasteries were favorite targets of these raiders because of the riches they contained
The Vikings launched an attack on a monastery in England called of Lindisfarne - the monastery was plundered and burned, while monks were either killed or enslaved
Within ten years, the Vikings began attacks along the North coast of France - Charlemagne, king of the Franks, set up a series of defenses along the coast to ward off these Viking raids.
Alfred I of England is finally able to stop some of the Viking attacks in 878 AD

26. Empire Divided
Frankish tradition initially mandated that the territories be divided among the king’s sons
The tradition changed where the majority of the property was passed down to the eldest son
Charlemagne’s eldest son Louis the Pious had a difficult time maintaining control over the Carolingian Empire
817 - Louis the Pious had divided the empire among his three sons

27. Civil War + Treaty
Carolingian Civil War ( ) between Louis the Pious and sons Charles the Bald, Lothar, Pepin, and Louis the German
In 835 Louis the Pious was restored to his position as emperor and created temporary peace
Fighting ensued between family members the Treaty of Verdun (843) was established to restore peace partitioning the empire among Louis’ sons

28. Treaty of Verdun, 843: After Charlemagne dies, his kingdom is split amongst his 3 grandsons who start fighting each other for more land

29. Why would feudalism develop after the reign of Charlemagne in Europe?
Lack of government protection post Charlemagne + Viking invasions….lead to the Feudalism in Western Europe
—Feudalism: a system of government in which power is based on land ownership. Was a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords (vassals). In exchange, these lesser lords pledged service or loyalty to the greater lord.
—How did feudalism provide for the needs of the people in the European middle ages?

30. The Medieval Manor
How was this system self-sufficient?

31. Feudal Contract
———People lived life on the manor and the regional King was
in charge of land
Feudal Contract: A lord granted his vassal a fief, or estate. The lord promised to protect his vassal; in return, the vassal pledged loyalty to the lord.

32. Social Hierarchy
King and Queens
Nobles
Knights/ Vassals
Peasants/ Serfs

34. Medieval Warm Period
The climate in Western Europe warmed significantly between the years AD
The warmer weather made it easier to grow crops and those living in Europe enjoyed bountiful harvests because of extended summers and mild winters.
Certain scientists attribute the increase in temperature to an increase of solar radiation and an absence of volcanic activity - the volcanic ash would shield the sunlight

35. Changes! Agricultural Technologies Trade revives Middle Class emerges
Towns/Local Government
Guilds

36. New Agricultural Technologies
Wheelbarrow
Windmill
Iron Plow
Three-field system (crop rotation)

37. The Heavy Plow
The heavy plow was initially used in Asia Minor (modern day Turkey) and Germany by the 8th century
The plow was mounted by on wheels and harnessed and pulled by horses or oxens helping farmers to dig deeper furrows in the land
The heavy plow made it possible to cultivate crops in the rich, heavy, often wet soils of Northern Europe
Long furrows were able to absorb great amounts of water, caused little erosion, protected the rich, heavy croplands of northern Europe from heavy rains

38. Diagram of the Heavy Plow
The sketch of a heavy plow below is from a 13th century Lincolnshire manuscript. The handles (1), the draw pole (8), and yoke (9) are actually parallel to the ground while the rest of the plow is perpendicular to the plow.
The numbered parts are: (1) handles, (2) plowshare, (3) mallet, (4) plow beam, (5) coulter, (6) plow foot, (7) draw chain, (8) draw pole, and (9) yoke.

39. Windmill
The first windmills were constructed in the 9th century in parts of Iran and western Afghanistan
Windmills are first mentioned in Europe in the 12th century- since this is the time of the Crusades the technology spread because of the ongoing wars
Windmills are common in the 15th century especially in the Netherlands, where there is plenty of wind!

40. Three- Field System
Farmers originally used a 2-field system - ½ the land was used for crops and ½ was left fallow
In order to use more land - the 3-field system was established...
- Wheat, barley, or rye was planted in one field during the Autumn months
- Oats, barley, and legumes were planted in another field during the Spring
- One or two fields always lay fallow (or without crops) to allow the soil to rest and for animals to graze

41. Trade Revived!
Merchants needed $$$ or capital to invest in business and purchase goods...
Partnerships
Insurance
Bill of Exchanges

42. Guilds
Hierarchy of the Guilds
Master
Journeymen
Apprentice

43. Do Now:
"No one not a member could sell at retail in the town. A foreign merchant had to sell to a guildsman, who would then re-sell to the citizens. In some cases foreigners were allowed to sell directly, but they had to pay a very heavy tax for the privilege. Foreign merchants were usually limited to one year's stay in the town or less - they could not set up shop permanently"
Why was it important that this rule was put into place?

44. Guilds The guilds were an important part of city and town life.
exclusive to their members and had strict rules and regulations
created primarily to preserve the rights/privileges of their members
technically separate and distinct from the local/town governments, some guildsmen were prominent in civic government.
Two kinds of guilds were especially important to civic life--merchant guilds and craft guilds.

45. Merchant vs. Craft Guilds
Merchant Guilds
As early as the 10th c. merchants formed organizations for mutual protection of their horses, wagons, and goods when travelling.
Often a merchant guild would found a town by obtaining a charter.
Craft Guilds
The craft guilds came about by increased specialization of industry.
A group of artisans engaged in the same occupation, e.g., bakers, cobblers, stone masons, carpenters, etc. would associate themselves together for protection and mutual aid.
As these craft associations became more important than the older merchant guilds, their leaders began to demand a share in civic leadership.
Soon no one within a town could practice a craft without belonging to the appropriate guild associations.

46. Town and City Life https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZimXhjGshI
Please list at least 8 benefits associated with living in a town versus the countryside.
What does it mean that town air makes you free?

47. Guilds and the Community
The City Council could intervene in event of trouble between guilds.
Council could establish the hours of work, fix prices, establish weights and measures
Guild officials were frequently appointed to serve in civic government because guilds usually voted as a unit, raised troops for the civic militia, and paid taxes as a group.
Each guild was required to perform public services. They:
took turns policing the streets and
constructed public buildings and walls to defend the town or city.

48. Consumer and Workers Protection
In protecting its own members, the guilds protected the consumer as well.
Many craft regulations prevented poor workmanship. Each article had to be examined by a board of the guild and stamped as approved.
Because of lack of artificial light, work at night was prohibited.
To regulate competition between members the guild forbade advertising.
All prices were regulated and price-cutting was strictly forbidden
Craftsmen could take work outside where it could be seen.
To preserve its monopoly a guild forbade the sale of foreign artisans' work within a city.
The most important processes used in manufacturing were guarded.
Monopoly existed within individual guilds through the limitation of the number of masters.

49. Services Performed by Guilds
provided funeral expenses for poorer members and aid to survivors;
provided dowries for poor girls;
covered members with a type of health insurance and provisions for care of the sick;
built chapels and donated windows to local churches or cathedrals;
frequently helped in the actual construction of the churches;
watched over the morals of the members who indulged in gambling and usury; and
were important for their contribution to emergence of Western lay education. In earlier times, the only schools in existence had been the monastic and cathedral schools.

50. The Medieval Church
During the Middle Ages the Orthodox Christian Church in the east and the Roman Catholic Church in the west permanently split in 1054
The Roman Catholic Church became the main stabilizing force in Western Europe.
Church preserved education, provided religious/ political leadership

51. Monks and Monasteries
Certain devout Christians joined monasteries/nunneries - communities where Christian men or women focused on spiritual goals
Requirements for Monks and Nuns
vows of chastity/ purity
obedience to the abbot, or head of the religious order
oath of poverty
oath of charity (tending to the sick/ helping the poor/educating children)
Monks and nuns also preserved ancient writings by copying ancient texts - some monks and nuns taught Latin and Greek classics and created literary works
Missionaries! - St. Patrick was a missionary who set up the Church in Ireland AND St. Augustine was sent as a missionary to the Angles and Saxons in England.

52. The Church in Medieval Life
The Pope lead the church followed by cardinals, archbishops, bishops, and local priests.
The Church served the spiritual needs of medieval society - REMEMBER times are chaotic and people need hope!
The Church would instructed peasants and townspeople in the faith and provided comfort to them in troubled times
The Church taught that all men and women were sinners but that Christians could achieve salvation, or eternal life in heaven, through faith in Jesus, good works, and participation in sacraments, or sacred spiritual rituals.
To escape the punishment of hell, they needed to take part in the sacraments of the Church.

53. Women in the Church
Hypocrisy! The Church taught that women were equal in the sight of God BUT women were supposed to be subservient to men
There was some effort to protect women in medieval society. For example, the Church set a minimum age for women to marry.
However, women were viewed in two opposing ways…
On one hand, the Church considered women weak, easily tempted into sin, and dependent on the guidance of men….
On the other hand, women were seen as modest and pure in spirit, similar to Mary, the mother of Jesus

54. Power of the Church
The Church was the largest landholder in Europe giving the Church had significant economic power.
Church also gained wealth through the tithe, a tax Christians were required to pay that equaled ten percent of their income.
The Church had their own set of laws called canon law, and its own courts of justice.

55. Jews in the Early Middle Ages
Numerous Jewish communities existed throughout Europe during the Middle Ages.
While Jews in Muslim Spain and northern areas of Europe were generally tolerated, most Christians persecuted Jews.
The Church barred Jews from owning land or practicing many occupations.
Many Christians also blamed Jews for the death of Jesus- laid the foundation for anti-Semitism, or prejudice against Jews.
Gradually Christians began blaming Jews for all kinds of misfortune including famines and diseases.
Many Jews eventually migrated to Eastern Europe where they set up communities that survived until modern times.