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The Middle Ages The Carolingian Empire (768-814) and Its Fall.
The World of Lords and Vassals. People and Land in the Middle Ages. Recovery and Reform of the Catholic Church. The Crusades. The Growth of Cities. The Intellectual and Artistic World of the Middle Ages. Emerging European Kingdoms.
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greatly expanded the territory of the Carolingian Empire
Charlemagne 768 Frankish kingdom greatly expanded the territory of the Carolingian Empire Gained control of northern Italy, France, northeastern Spain, and western Germany Rule Inefficient local control Personal loyalty and the threat of force helped keep the empire together Used the Catholic Church to help rule Charlemagne
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Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans on Christmas Day 800 Gave the Pope a powerful protector fused Roman, Christian, and German society laid the foundation of European civilization.
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Carolingian Society Marriage marriages were often arranged
Church tried to get more influence over the ceremony The Church tried to emphasize monogamy and condemned easy divorces Encouraged the nuclear family.
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Carolingian Society Attitudes Toward Children Romans had used
Attitudes Toward Children Romans had used infanticide Germanic law codes put a monetary value on children and adults The Church asked that unwanted children be spared
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Carolingian Society Travel/Hospitality:
Monasteries were expected to house weary travelers.
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Decline began to collapse with Charlemagne’s death 3 of his grandsons split the empire into 3 parts 2 distinct cultures western ½ speaking a language derived form Latin (French) eastern ½ speaking a Germanic dialect
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the Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings W. Europe hung on
Invasions In the 9th and 10th centuries western Europe was invaded by several non-Christian enemies the Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings W. Europe hung on assimilated the Magyars and Vikings into Christian civilization.
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Vikings Led the most devastating attacks Excellent warriors and shipbuilders In the 9th century, advanced on most of the western European coastline Eventually, took up Christianity when some settled—this helped lead to a more stable Europe. “Are you a Viking” Quiz Viking Spy Hunt
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Muslims and Magyars Muslims raided Italy, southern France, and the Alps in the 9th century Magyars (west Asia) attacked eastern Europe, as well as France, Germany, and Italy Crushed in 955
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Beginnings of Feudalism
In 911, the Viking leader, Rollo, held a peace conference with Charles the Simple, the King of France, where Charles gave Rollo a chunk of French land for his pledge of loyalty (Normandy)
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The World of Lords and Vassals
The World of Lords and Vassals Causes Governments could not defend people subordinates (vassals) found a powerful lord who could protect in exchange for service (usually military) Feudalism Warfare in Europe dominated by knights Lord granted land (fief) to the vassal Vassal provided his fighting skills Upon death, the fief was supposed to revert to the lord in practice it was inherited by the eldest son (primogeniture).
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The Knights Anyone Know the Movie??
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The Age of Chivalry Knights were expected to display courage in battle and loyalty to their lord. 1100’s chivalry, a complex set of ideals Demanded that a knight fight bravely for his three masters; (1) feudal lord, (2) heavenly Lord, (3) his chosen lady Also protect the weak and the poor Education started at age 7 (page), then 14 (squire), finally at 21 (knighthood)
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Feudal Society The feudal system was based on mutual obligations.
In exchange for military protection, a lord, would give a fief to a vassal Feudalism depended on the control of land.
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Manorial System manor an agricultural estate operated by a lord
worked by peasants Lords provided protection peasants gave up freedom serfs By the 9th century around 60% of the population could not be bought and sold were subject to their lord had to pay rent to the lord pay a tithe (10% of produce) to the church pay for the use of pastures, streams, woods, etc.
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Manorial System Extremely self-sufficient
Peasants rarely travelled more than 25 miles from their own manor Could see their whole world in front of them Typically consisted of lord’s manor house, a church, and workshops Fields, pastures, and forests surrounded the village Along with streams, wells, ponds Extremely self-sufficient Serfs and peasants raised or produced nearly everything that they and their lord needed for daily life Only outside purchases were salt, iron, and a few unusual objects
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15th Century Manor English Manor
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Create your own manor… In your groups of 3-5 you are going to create a medieval manor. There are approximately 10 necessary things that you need to include on your manor. You can use the map on page 326 to help guide you but it is not a tell-all source of what you need.
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Village Manor House Church Mill Water Source Three-Field System Forest Orchard Oven Roads
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People and Land in the High Middle Ages
Population doubled (to 74 million) between 1000 and 1300 Higher fertility rate increased security increases in agricultural production.
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Agriculture amount of farmable land in the 14th century was more than before (or since) Iron was implemented in farming tools Horses took over the job of plowing from oxen were much faster Less 2 field crop rotation system more 3 field system
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Peasants How much they had to work depended on the season The feasts and holidays of the Catholic Church gave them days off Infant mortality was high Families: husband, wife, 2-3 kids.
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Recovery and Reform of the Church
Popes and the Church since the 4th century descendants of Peter controlled the Papal States in central Italy Church fell into disarray from invasions and fragmentation from the 8th-10th centuries Lay people gained control over the clergy standards of clerical behavior declined Positions were bought and sold (simony)
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Pope Gregory VII tried to reform the papacy declared the Pope’s authority over all Christendom only Church could appoint clerics Pope claimed the authority to depose kings led to a great church-state feud.
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The Crusades As the Church was revised, the Crusades gave it an opportunity to demonstrate its influence over Europe. Background Contact between Europe and East increased by the end of the 11th century Islamic world remained split but powerful upon defeat, Byzantine called on the west for help
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The Early Crusades based on the idea of a holy war against the unbeliever Initially directed at Muslims Byzantine Emperor asked Pope Urban II for financial help to recruit mercenaries to fight the Turks
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The Early Crusades Pope called on Christians to fight and recover the Holy Land (Jerusalem) persecuted Jews, as they were blamed for killing Jesus Pope promised glory, riches, titles, and forgiveness of sins if people fought
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Second Crusade 1147-1149 total failure
Muslims had begun to strike at the Latin states that had been created after the First Crusade Poorly organized Barbarossa Barbarossa
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Jerusalem fell to Muslims led by Saladin in 1187
Third Crusade Jerusalem fell to Muslims led by Saladin in 1187 calls for a new crusade began Germany, France, and England backed the Third Crusade Richard the Lionheart
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Effects of the Crusades “Successful failures”
Contributed to the economic growth of Italian port cities May have enhanced to revival of trade Led to an exchange of goods and ideas The first widespread attacks on the Jews began with the crusades Removing large numbers of young warriors who would have fought each other in Europe may have helped stabilize Europe
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Castle of the Later Middle Ages Castle of the Third Crusade
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More Crusades Saladin’s empire began to crumble after his death
leading calls for another crusade (Fourth Crusade) crusaders got involved in the struggling Byzantine Empire and sacked Constantinople Crusaders ruled the small states which the empire was split into.
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Growth of Cities in the Middle Ages
11th century European society was marked by the growth of cities expansion of the circulation of money revival of trade Revival of Trade Cities in Italy became key to trade w/the East The west received silks, spices, and sugar By the 12th century, goods were exchanged between north, south, east, and west
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Growth of Cities Structure
Merchants and artisans began to settle in cities Citizens of towns and cities slowly gained more freedoms from local lords Large cities, however, seldom had more than 10,000 people
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Growth of Cities Sanitation and Conditions
Cities were dirty and smelled of animal and human waste Homes were multi-storied, w/shops below and housing upstairs Guilds industry workers began to organize themselves “union” would establish standards, prices, and the number of people who could enter a trade Upon entering, one would become an apprentice to a master craftsman
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The Intellectual and Artistic World of the Middle Ages
growth of schools rebirth in the interest in ancient cultures new activity in art and architecture. The Rise of Universities Cathedral schools for educating priests developed All teaching was done in Latin all students were male
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Cambridge University University of Paris
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Notre Dame Cathedral--Paris
Gothic Architecture construction of churches and castles used most of the resources of a medieval society Gothic designs replaced Romanesque, as they could go higher and were built with thin walls filled w/stained glass windows Notre Dame Cathedral--Paris
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Growth of European Kingdoms
William of Normandy defeated the English in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings William treated all of England as a royal possession He forced all vassals (and subvassals) to swear allegiance to him created a strong monarchy Normans and the Anglo-Saxons came together to form a new England William in Battle
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Nobles began to resent the growing power and in 1215
Magna Carta Nobles began to resent the growing power and in 1215 forced King John to sign the Magna Carta Aimed at limiting government practices between the king and vassals In 1295 King Edward I began the first form of Parliament. King John
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Situation in France began to resemble a nation King Philip II Augustus removed the English from their holdings in present-day France series of German kings strengthened Holy Roman Empire rivaled French Power
