1. Psychology Unit 9: Classifying Mental Disorders, continued
David Rude, MA, CPC

2. New (also) to DSM - V
Digital Dementia

3. Behavior Therapy
Use of learning principles to make constructive changes in behavior
Deep insight is not necessary
Focus on the present
Cannot change the past
No reason to alter that which has yet to occur
People learned to be the way they are
They can relearn more appropriate behaviors

4. Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy -- also called talk therapy, therapy, or counseling -- is a process focused on helping you heal and learn more constructive ways to deal with the problems or issues within your life.
Generally psychotherapy is recommended whenever a person is grappling with a life, relationship or work issue or a specific mental health concern, and these issues are causing the individual a great deal of pain or upset for longer than a few days.

5. Aversion Therapy
Associate a strong aversion to an undesirable habit like smoking, overeating, or drinking alcohol
EX: Rapid Smoking
Antabuse for alcoholism

6. Desensitization Systematic desensitization Hierarchy
Reduction in fear, anxiety, or aversion brought about by planned exposure to aversive stimuli.
Hierarchy
Rank-ordered series of steps
Begin with least offensive and gradually move to more threatening stimuli

7. Cognitive Therapy Cognitive therapy
Change thinking patterns that lead to problematic behaviors or emotions
Focus is on
Self-talk
Distorted thinking in Unit 3
Beliefs
Stated
Core

8. Adjustment Disorders Adjustment Disorders
Emotional disturbance caused by on-going stressors within the range of common experience
Person is pushed beyond ability to cope effectively

9. Adjustment Disorders Symptoms
Sleep disturbances
Irritability
Anxiety
Apathy
Depression
Loss of appetite,
Other physical complaints
Symptoms disappear when life circumstances improve

10. Adjustment Disorders Differs from anxiety disorders
Outward symptoms are similar
Adjustment disorders
Disappear when a person’s life circumstance improve
Anxiety disorders
Generate their own misery, regardless of what’s happening around them
Autonomous to circumstances

11. Panic Disorder Agoraphobia
Fear that something extremely embarrassing will happen if they leave home or enter an unfamiliar situation
Now refers simply to avoidance behavior
Usually described as Panic Disorder.

12. Panic Disorder Panic attack Panic Disorder
Period of intense anxiety that occurs for no rational reason
Anxiety or fear is not
In response to a situation that tends to cause anxiety or fear in most people
Due to an organic cause
Panic Disorder
Intense irrational fear that a panic attack will occur in a public place or unfamiliar situations.
If they avoid places that frighten them it is called Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia.

13. Panic Disorder Symptoms Shortness of breath or smothering sensations.
Choking.
Palpitations or accelerated heart rate (tachycardia).
Chest pain or discomfort.
Sweating.
Dizziness, unsteady feelings, or faintness.
Nausea or abdominal distress
continued on next page

14. Panic Disorder
Feelings of unreality (depersonalization or de- realization).
Numbness or tingling sensations
Flushes (hot flashes) or chills.
Trembling or shaking
Fear of becoming seriously ill or dying.
Fear of going crazy or of doing something uncontrolled.

15. Panic Disorder
Seven factors that interact to create a person’s personality.
Family values and beliefs
Methods of discipline
Adult role models
Place within the family constellation.
Biological inheritance.
Social conditions
Meaning you gave to each of the above

16. Treating Panic Disorder
Four basic skills
Understanding what produces and maintains excessive anxiety
Learn anxiety and stress reduction skills.
Cue controlled relaxation
Copying self-statements
Diaphragmatic breathing
Distraction (redirection)

17. False Beliefs and Perfectionism
Perfection is possible
Perfection by definition is impossible.
If my goal is perfection I’m guaranteed failure.
Perfection is a direction, not a place.
My value is determined by my achievements
Separate my value from the value of the things I do

18. Excessive Need for Approval
Coping self-statements used to challenge
I don’t need everyone’s approval.
Most of the disapproval I receive has little or nothing to do with me.
In the long run, the people who matter to me will accept me as I am, those who don’t, don’t

19. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
At least six months of chronic, unrealistic, or excessive anxiety

20. Social Phobia Social Phobia
Intense, irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, humiliated, or embarrassed by others in social situations
crowds, public speaking, urinating in public restrooms, eating out, signing name
Key issue: fear of being scrutinized by others

21. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Extreme preoccupation
With certain thoughts
Compulsive performance of certain behaviors
Obsession
Recurring images or thoughts that a person cannot prevent
Cause anxiety and extreme discomfort

22. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Obsession (continued)
Enter into consciousness against the person’s will
Most common:
Being dirty
Wondering if you performed an action (turned off the stove)
Committing immoral acts

23. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Compulsion
Irrational acts that person feels compelled to repeat against his/her will
Help to control anxiety created by obsessions
Common types
Checking
Cleaners
Rituals
Watch video on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

24. Stress Disorders Stress Disorders Some common symptoms
Occur when stresses outside range of normal human experience cause major emotional disturbance
Some common symptoms
Reliving traumatic event repeatedly
Avoiding reminders of the event
Numbing of emotions
Hyper-vigilence

25. Stress Disorders Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
lasts more than one month after the traumatic event has occurred
may last for years
Typically associated with combat and violent crimes (rape, assault, etc.)
May be delayed

26. Stress Disorders Acute Stress Disorder
Psychological disturbance lasting up to one month following stresses from a traumatic event
The difference between PTSD and acute stress disorder

27. Stress Disorders Acute Stress Disorder
Psychological disturbance lasting up to one month following stresses from a traumatic event

28. Mood Disorders Mood disorder Two general types
Major disturbances in mood or emotions such as depression or mania
Two general types
Depressive
Bi-polar
NEW: Sweet Sodas and Soft Drinks May Raise Your Risk of Depression, Study Finds

29. Major Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder:
A mood disorder where the person has suffered one or more intense episodes of depression
Everything looks bleak and hopeless
Suffering is intense
Biology
Video clip on depression

30. Major Mood Disorders Bipolar Disorders Bipolar I Disorder
Extreme mania and deep
depression
Mania
Excited, hyperactive,
energetic, loud, grandiose
behavior
May experience affective
psychosis
Bipolar II Disorder
Person is mainly sad but has one or more hypomanic episodes
(mild mania)

31. Treatment of Mood Disorders
Two main treatments
Antidepressants
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)
Others
Anticonvulsives for Bipolar I
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for Major Depression

32. Other Mood Disorders Dysthymic [dis theem ic] Disorder
Moderate depression that lasts for at least two years
Cyclothymic [syclo theem ic] Disorder
Moderate manic and depressive behavior that lasts for at least two years

33. Other Mood Disorders Reactive Depression
Depression is greater than typical depression
Triggered by a major failure, loss or setback

34. Dysthymic disorder Bipolar I Cyclothymic disorder Bipolar II
Depression
Mania
Dysthymic disorder Bipolar I
Cyclothymic disorder Bipolar II
Reactive depression Major depressive disorder

35. B - Dysthymic disorder C + D - Bipolar I
Depression
Mania
B - Dysthymic disorder C + D - Bipolar I
C - Cyclothymic disorder C - Bipolar II
B - Reactive depression A - Major depressive disorder

36. Living with Multiple Personalities