1. Coach Childress Health and PE Fall 2017
Cancer
Coach Childress
Health and PE
Fall 2017

2. What is Cancer? Cells are the building blocks of your body.
Approximately 100 trillion of these tiny structures make up who you are.
The cells in your body are constantly growing, dividing, dying, and replacing themselves.
Although most new cells are normal, some are not.
When abnormal cells reproduce rapidly and uncontrollably, they can build up inside otherwise normal tissue.
This uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells is called cancer.

3. How Cancer Harms the Body
When abnormal cells build up in the body, they can form a tumor – an abnormal mass of tissue that has no natural role in the body.
Many people equate tumors with cancer. However, the presence of a tumor does not necessarily mean that a person has cancer.
In fact, there are TWO (2) kinds of tumors: benign and malignant.

4. Benign vs. Malignant Benign Malignant
Noncancerous tumor that grows slowly.
It is surrounded by membranes that prevent it from spreading.
Does this mean it is less harmful? No.
Even if a benign tumor does not spread it could still interfere with normal body functions. (Example: a benign tumor could block the brains blood supply)
Cancerous tumor that does not stay in one place.
It spreads to the neighboring tissues and enters the blood or lymph to travel to other parts of the body.
This process, the spread of cancer from the point where it originated to other parts of the body is called metastasis.
As cancer cells spread throughout the body, they divide and form new tumors.

5. Common Types of Cancer
The next few slides are going to show you some of the most common types of cancer. Information will include:
Risk factors
Symptoms
Screening and Early Detection Methods.

6. Skin Cancer
Risk Factors: Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, tanning beds, sunlamps, and other sources.
Symptoms: Change on the skin, especially a new growth, a mole or freckle that changes, or a sore that won’t heal.
Screening/Early Detection: Physical exam, biopsies.

7. Breast Cancer
Risk Factors: Genetics, obesity, alcohol use, physical inactivity.
Symptoms: Unusual lump, changes shape, dimples, or has discharge.
Screening/Early Detection: Self-exam, mammogram.

8. Prostate Cancer
Risk Factors: Possibly heredity, alcohol use, physical inactivity
Symptoms: Frequent or painful urination, inability to urinate, weak or interrupted flow of urine, blood in urine or semen, pain in lower back, hips, or upper thighs.
Screening/Early Detection: Blood test

9. Lung Cancer
Risk Factors: Exposure to cigarette smoke, radon, or asbestos.
Symptoms: No initial symptoms; later symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing up blood, hoarseness.
Screening/Early Detection: Chest X-ray

10. Colon Cancer Risk Factors: Increases with age
Symptoms: Often no initial symptoms; later, blood in feces; frequent pain, aches, or cramps in stomach; change in bowel habits; weight loss
Screening/Early Detection: Test for blood in the stool, rectal exam, colonoscopy.

11. Mouth Cancer
Risk Factors: Use of tobacco, chewing tobacco, or alcohol.
Symptoms: Sore or lump on the mouth that doesn’t heal; pain or numbness on the lip, mouth, tongue, or throat; feeling that something is caught in the throat; pain when chewing or swallowing; change in voice.

12. Cervical Cancer Risk Factors: History of infection with HPV.
Symptoms: Usually no symptoms in early stages; later, abnormal vaginal bleeding, increased vaginal discharge.
Screening/Early Detection: Pap test

13. Testicular Cancer
Risk Factors: Undescended testicle; family history of testicular cancer.
Symptoms: Small, hard, painless lumps on testicle; sudden accumulation of fluid in scrotum; pain in region between scrotum and anus.

14. Types of Cancer
Cancers can develop in almost any part of the body and are classified according to the tissues they affect:
Lymphomas: cancers of the immune system.
Leukemias: cancers of the blood- forming organs
Carcinomas: cancers of the glands and body linings, including the skin and the linings of the digestive tract and lungs
Sarcomas: cancers of the connective tissue, such as bones, ligaments, and muscles.

15. Risk Factors for Cancer
Every day, your body produces countless numbers of healthy, normal cells – but it also produces some abnormal ones.
Your immune system usually kills these abnormal cells before they become cancerous.
However, when the immune system is weak or the abnormal cells multiply faster than the immune system can destroy them, cancer may develop.

16. Carcinogens
Many cancers develop because of exposure to a carcinogen, or a cancer-causing substance.
Tobacco and UV light are two of the most common carcinogens that cause cancer.
Tobacco Use: The number one cause of cancer deaths in the United States is tobacco use. At least 43 different carcinogens have been identified in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Consider these numbers:
About 215,000 new cases of lung cancer related to smoking are diagnosed each year.
About 87% of lung cancer deaths are caused by smoking.
About 30% of all other cancers are linked to tobacco.

17. Carcinogens (Continued)
The tobacco risk factor is NOT limited to smoking. Smokeless tobacco is a major risk factor for oral cancer, which affects the lips, mouth, and throat.
Nonsmokers who are exposed to secondhand smoke are also at risk because they breathe in nicotine and other toxic chemicals.
Radiation: Another carcinogen that commonly causes cancer is radiation.
The glow of a suntan might look attractive, but a suntan is actually your skin’s reaction to damage from the sun.
UV radiation from the sun is the main cause of skin cancer.
Tanning beds and sunlamps also emit UV radiation, which is just as damaging as the sun’s rays.

18. Dietary Factors
About 30% of all cancer deaths are caused by dietary risk factors.
A diet that is high in fat and low in fiber is often linked to colon, breast, and prostate cancers.
Here’s why:
Fats: make colon cells more vulnerable to carcinogens. Colon cells divide faster if the diet is high in fat, increasing the risk that abnormal cells will form.
Dietary fiber: speeds the movement of waste through the intestines and out of the body. If a person’s diet is low in fiber, the waste moves more slowly, giving carcinogens in the waste more time to act on the body’s cells.

19. How Can You Reduce Your Cancer Risk
Protect your skin from UV radiation.
Avoid alcohol and tobacco use:
Tobacco is the single-most major cause of cancer death in the United States. Excess alcohol increases the risk of several types of cancer, and HPV can cause cancers of the reproductive organs.
Practice abstinence from sexual activity to reduce the risk of STD’s:
Hepatitis B can cause liver cancer, and HPV can cause cancers of the reproductive organs.
Be physically active
Maintain a healthy weight
Eat nutritious foods:
Include 2-4 servings of fruits and 3-5 servings of vegetables every day. These foods are good sources of fiber, and some contain compounds that act against carcinogens.
Follow an eating plan that is low in saturated fat and high in fiber.
Recognize the warning signs of cancer:
Do regular self-exams to detect cancer early.

20. Detecting and Treating Cancer
As medical technology continues to advance, doctors are able to detect cancer earlier than in past years.
The survival rate for people with cancer depends on two main factors: self-examination and medical examination.
Early detection, the most critical factor in successful cancer treatment, depends on both self- examination and medical examination.
Self-examination: involves checking your own body for possible signs of cancer. Many types of cancer, including those of the breasts, testicles, and skin, are discovered early through self- examination.
Medical examination: also known as medical screening, involves testing by a doctor for early signs of cancer. About ½ of all new cancer cases each year are detected during a routine medical check-up.

21. Treatment Options
The methods used to treat cancer depend several factors, such as the type of cancer and whether a tumor has spread from its original location.
Treatment might include one or more of the methods listed here:
Surgery: removes some or all of the cancerous masses from the body.
Radiation therapy: uses radioactive substances to kill cancer cells and shrink cancerous masses.
Chemotherapy: uses chemicals to destroy cancer cells.
Immunotherapy: activates a person’s immunity system to recognize specific cancers and destroy them.
Hormone therapy: uses medicines to interfere with the production of certain hormones, such as estrogen, that help cancer cells grow.

22. Treatment Options (Continued)
When the treatment works and the cancer is either gone or under control, the cancer is said to be in remission.
This is a period of time when symptoms disappear.
Today, more and more cancer survivors are able to lead full, active lives.