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China Day 1: Ming Dynasty
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Essential Questions 1. In what ways did the Ming Ding dynasty make China more stable? 2. What was the primary role of Zheng He for the Ming Dynasty?
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Ming Dynasty Hongwu expels Mongol forces from China – 1368
Believed traditions & institutions bring stability to China Confucianism Restores China’s power and prosperity Increase rice production & irrigation Rise of fish farming, cotton & sugar cane industry Hong Wu is a peasant. First time a peasant leader in 1000 years. Led peasant army. Ming means “brilliant” Hongwu
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What do we notice from this map
What do we notice from this map? Excellent coastal regions along with a wall!
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Ming Dynasty Stability, plentiful food led to significant population growth Instituted civil service exams Eliminated anyone challenging authority
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Before European Exploration
Ming gov’t sponsors 7 voyages ( ) Impress foreign people w/ its power 317 ships w/ 28,000 armed troops Led by Zheng He – travels to SE Asia, India, & Africa Distributes silver & silk for diplomacy & to show China’s superiority Voyages discontinued b/c voyages thought as wasteful spending – want money to go to defense. Travelled to East Africa, India, Persian Gulf Spread of Chinese culture in SE Asia & India Cultural diffusion! Spending should go to defense?
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Treasure Ship Treasure ships” – could hold 500+ people
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Zheng He’s Travels
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China Day 2: Ming Dynasty
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Essential Questions 1. To what extent did the Ming Dynasty embrace isolationist policies? 2. What factors led to the decline of the Ming Dynasty?
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Leave Us Alone! Isolationist policies
Restrict foreign travel and trade (only 3 ports) Preserve Chinese culture Government sponsored study of Chinese cultural traditions, especially Confucianism Great Wall of China Defend against northern Mongols Much of the Great Wall of China seen today was built under the Ming.
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The Great Wall of China (Do not write down)
Use of smoke signals to communicate messages Built mainly of stone, dirt, wood, and mud The Wall served well. Only when a dynasty had weakened from within, were invaders from the north able to advance and conquer
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Why doesn’t the wall extend all the way west? Gobi?
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Decline of the Ming After 200 years Ineffective rulers
Corrupt officials Government bankrupt High taxes and bad harvests lead to rebellion Manchus invade China (2nd time foreigners rule) Take the name Qing or “pure”
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China Day 3: Confucianism
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Essential Question 1. To what extent does Confucianism create social harmony?
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Confucius Influence: 4th century BC
Scholarly life teaching history, music, & moral character Lived during a time of crisis/violence in China Goal: restore social order, harmony, & a good gov’t Ideas collected in the Analects 6.3 million followers
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Five Relationships for Harm
1. ruler & subject 2. father & son 3. husband & wife 4. older brother & younger brother 5. friend & friend Example: Rulers should practice kindness. In return, subjects should be loyal. Emphasis on the family in 3 out of the 5 relationships? Why? Morals and values originate here. The family is the core. Also notice that out of the five relationships, 4 were unequal; only friend and friend are equal. Social harmony—the goal of Confucianism
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Key Concepts Ren “benevolence” in accordance with: Li – ritual norms
Shu – reciprocity Zhong – loyalty Xiao – filial piety This equals the: de (virtue) Ren: "benevolence, humaneness" signifying excellent character in accord with li (ritual norms), zhong (loyalty to one's true nature), shu (reciprocity), and xiao (filial piety). Together thsi constitutes the de (virtue) Ren: obligation of altruism and humaneness Li: education and music as various elements of li and etiquette. Exmaple: if you are a guest, you cannot behave like a host and so forth Shu: Do not impose upon others what you yourself do not desire. – Golden Rule. Zhong: It is your duty For example, the duty of an emperor is to behave in a kingly fashion and to take care of the people’s basic needs. A minister’s duty is to assist the emperor in governing the people. The duty of an ordinary citizen is to obey the superiors. In the family, parents have a duty to love their children, while children have a duty to exemplify filial piety toward their parents. Xiao: must be shown towards both the living and the dead (including even remote ancestors). This characters respect a child should have to his parents.
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Confucius and Government
Goal: show rulers how to govern wisely Education transforms a humbly born person into a gentleman Money corrupts Lays the groundwork for a bureaucracy A religion or philosophical system or both? Lays groundwork for a bureaucracy because it would lead to a trained civil service for those to run the gov’t. An inhumane ruler runs the risk of losing the "Mandate of Heaven", the right to rule The implication of this passage is that there is only something morally wrong with wealth (or profit, ) if it is obtained through violations of morality. Later Confucianism tended to regard profit as intrinsically immoral. According to legend, he set such a virtuous example that a purse lying in the middle of the street would be untouched for days. Confucianism is perhaps best understood as an all-encompassing humanism that neither denies nor slights Heaven. He deems himself a failure because he never holds a high government post.
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China Day 4: Qing Dynasty
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Essential Question 1. How did the Manchus institute their own culture and prevent the West from “polluting” theirs own?
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Qing Dynasty Uphold Confucian beliefs and structures
Manchus just 2% of the population Gave lower military and government jobs to Chinese A New “Sheriff in Town” Forbid intermarriage Force Manchu hairstyles as sign of loyalty – queue Mandate study of Manchu language by Chinese
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Qing Dynasty Continued isolationist policies
Not impressed by Western advancements Believed Chinese culture was superior Self-sufficient society Healthy agricultural economy Extensive mining & manufacturing industries Produced silks, cottons, porcelain
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China Day 5: Qing Dynasty
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Essential Question 1. Explain how opium impacted isolationism and trade in Qing China
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Trading Qing enjoyed a favorable balance of trade
Strong European demand for silk, porcelain, and tea Britain: Use opium instead of silver 1835: 12 million Chinese users Opium War of 1839: Britain’s steam-powered gunboats overpower China’s outdated ships Treaty gives Britain Hong Kong & trading rights
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China Day 6: Qing Dynasty
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Essential Question 1. How did foreign powers gradually come to control China’s economy?
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Decline of the Qing Taiping Rebellion (1830s)– Desire to use China’s wealth to prevent anyone from living in poverty British & French end rebellion 20+ million Chinese dead Foreign countries take advantage of weakened state & attack China Negotiate treaty to give nations control over China’s economy
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Spheres of Influence DEFINED: A region in which a state has political, economic, or cultural influence over. US declares Open Door Policy – allows China’s “doors” to be open to merchants of all nations Protects China from colonization, but still puts Qing at mercy of foreign powers
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Decline of the Qing Debate among Chinese: Preserve ways or modernize
European missionaries convert Chinese Boxer Rebellion: 1900: surround European section for months Rebel against the West Multinational forces squash rebellion Decades of instability w/internal & external threats Not until the mid-1900s that China progresses Boxers chant “Death to the foregin devils” – Secret organizationi called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists.
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