1. Chapter 11 Section 2
The North Transformed

2. Northern Cities 1800’s: Cities grew larger  urbanization
Immigrants headed west
Growing cities had issues
Dirty streets
Poor sewage
Unclean water
Spread of diseases
Fires (structures made of wood)

3. Growth of Northern Industry
Samuel F.B. Morse: Made telegraph and Morse Code
1844: Tested telegraph (worked!)  wires spread across nation  factories in East could communicate with factories in West
Cyprus McCormick: Made mechanical reaper (cut stalks of wheat much faster than workers)
Threshers: separates grains from stalk to grind into flour
Combine: A mechanical reaper and thresher in one machine

4. Growth of Northern Industry
Elias Hower 1846: Made machine to sew fabrics  more efficient  prices fell
Isaac Singer: Improved Hower’s machine  Singer Sewing Machines are top sewing machines to this day
The North is made up of mostly factories and businesses

5. Transportation Revolution
1807: Robert Fulton makes steam engine to power a boat  good for rivers, but not oceans
Clipper Ships: long, slender, tall masts  also called “Yankee Clippers”  fastest until British makes an oceangoing, ironclad steamship
Railroads helped the most  could be built anywhere
1st Railroad: “Baltimore” and “Ohio” in 1828  drawn by horses  1830 Peter Cooper makes steam locomotive

6. New Wave of Immigrants
Most immigrants from Western Europe  moved to buy cheap land, jobs, and/or had no choice
“Great Hunger”: Ireland owned by British; largest crop is potatoes; fungus destroys potato crops  famine; many died and others immigrated; Irish worked at lowest level of factories
German immigrants moved west (PA)

7. New Wave of Immigrants
Some Americans did not like immigrants  nativists
Irish were especially disliked because they were Roman Catholic, and not Protestant
“Know-Nothings”: Political group made up of nativists
1856 Presidential candidate gets 21% of vote, but party splits because of feelings over slavery

8. African Americans in North
Slavery mostly ended in North by early 1800’s
African Americans were free, but were not treated equally
Could not vote
Could not work in factories
Many business owners would hire immigrants rather than African Americans
Racial segregation in schools, public facilities  African Americans made their own churches, newspapers

9. VOCABULARY URBANIZATION TELEGRAPH FAMINE
The growth of cities due to movement of people from rural areas to cities
TELEGRAPH
Device that used electrical signals to send messages quickly over long distances
FAMINE
Widespread starvation

10. VOCABULARY NATIVIST DISCRIMINATION
People who wanted to preserve the country for white, American-born Protestants
DISCRIMINATION
The denial of equal rights or equal treatment to certain groups of people