1. Biochemistry
The Molecules of Life
4.1.1: Compare the structures & functions of the major biological molecules

2. Nutrition 101 Calorie = measurement of energy
4 calories to metabolize 1 g of protein
4 calories to metabolize 1g of carbs
9 calories to metabolize 1g of fat

3. Organic Compounds
Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms
The four most important biomolecules we will study are:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

4. Carbon’s Bonding Behavior
Valence shell has 4 electrons; can hold 8
Each carbon atom can form covalent bonds with up to 4 atoms

5. Bonding Arrangements
Carbon atoms can bond with many different atoms and with itself in long chains or rings
Other atoms can project from the carbon backbone

6. Macromolecules Many molecules are very large - macromolecules
Large molecules are formed by joining smaller ones together
Smaller units: Monomers
Large units: Polymers
(poly = many)
Functional groups
An atom or a group of atoms with characteristic properties that is covalently bonded to the carbon chain in an organic molecule.
Changes the chemical behavior of the molecule.

7. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates function as short-term, accessible energy
Complex carbs vs. Simple carbs
Fiber & starch vs. sugar
Carbohydrates come in three basic types:
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides (including disaccharides)
Polysaccharides
Fiber- complex, insoluble vs. soluble
Starch- complex
Sugar- simple, often stored as fat b/c mostly fructose which can only be used by the liver, changes blood sugar can lead to type 2 diabetes

8. Monosaccharides glucose fructose Simplest carbohydrates
Have 5- or 6-carbon backbone
Sweet taste
Water soluble
C,H,O
glucose
fructose

9. Disaccharides Type of oligosaccharide
Greek for “few”
Two monosaccharides covalently bonded
Formed by condensation reactions
H2O is a biproduct
+ H2O
glucose
fructose
sucrose

10. Polysaccharides Straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers
Cellulose Starch Glycogen

11. Lipids (Fats)
Formed from a glycerol and fatty acids (most of the time, except in steroids)
Insoluble in water
C,H,O
Monomer= fatty acid
Carboxyl group
Saturated: single bonds between carbons
Unsaturated: one or more double bonds

12. Fats: Good or Bad? Saturated fats: Unsaturated fats:
Recommended consumption= less than 10% of calorie intake
Raises bad cholesterol higher risk of heart disease
Ex: butter, processed meats, peanuts, whole milk, fried food, white flour
Unsaturated fats:
Recommended consumption= less than 30% of calorie intake
Raises good cholesterol, decreases bad cholesterol
Ex: olive oil, avocado, soybeans, red meats, fish
Cholesterol= waxy substance made by liver and in food to coat circulatory system and assist blood flow, too much=bad

13. Fats
Triglycerides are most common
3 fatty acids attached to glycerol

14. Phospholipids
Main component of cell membranes

15. Proteins Chains of amino acids C, H, O, N Monomer= amino acids
Important for structure, enzymes, and all life processes

16. Protein Synthesis
A protein is a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Peptide bonds:
Type of covalent bond
Links the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of the next
Forms through condensation reactions

17. Condensation Reactions (pg. 42)

18. Condensation Reactions (pg. 42)

19. Protein Shapes Fibrous Globular
Polypeptide chains arranged as strands or sheets
Globular
Polypeptide chains folded into compact, rounded shapes

20. a primary structure one peptide group b secondary structure1 2
b secondary
structure 3 4 5 6 7
coil, helix
sheet c
tertiary
structure
barrel
coiled coils
p.43

21. alpha globin
alpha globin
heme
beta globin
beta globin
p.44

22. Nucleic Acids Monomer= nucleotide Single- or double-stranded
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Adenine
Cytosine

23. Nucleotide Structure Sugar At least one phosphate group
Deoxyribose
Ribose
At least one phosphate group
Nitrogen-containing base
Single ring
Double ring

24. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Double-stranded to form a helix
Four types of nucleotides
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Stores genetic information

25. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Single-stranded
Four types of nucleotides
Adenine
Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine
Messenger molecule to direct protein synthesis

26. ATP – A Nucleotide
Energy molecule in cells (transfers energy in cells)

27. Condensation Reactions
Also called dehydration synthesis
Form polymers from subunits (monomers)
Enzymes remove “-OH” from one molecule, “-H” from another, and form bond between two molecules
Discarded atoms can join to form water

28. Condensation

29. Hydrolysis A type of cleavage reaction
Breaks polymers into smaller units (monomers)
Enzymes split molecules into two or more parts
An -OH group and an -H atom derived from water are attached at exposed sites

30. Hydrolysis