1. Diabetes Mellitus

2. Table of Content What does Insulin? What is diabetes mellitus?
An die Tafel:
Insulin is a hormone that controls and lowers the level of blood sugar.
Metabolic disease: Stoffwechselkrankheit
WHO: World Health Organisation
One Bread Unit describes the amount of gram carbohydrates.
What does Insulin?
What is diabetes mellitus?
Symptoms of Diabetes mellitus
WHO-Classifications
Type-1-Diabetes
Type-2-Diabetes
Type-3-Diabetes
Type-4-Diabetes
Side- and After-Effects
Diabetes-Diet

3. What does Insulin? Enables the glucose to enter the cells glucose food
blood vessel
Insulin
cells
with Insulin
digested
Insulin is a hormone that enables the glucose to enter the body cells.
It is like a key to open the body cells.

4. What is diabetes mellitus?
Permanent metabolic disease
Caused by a lack of Insulin
Brings forth a higher level of blood sugar
glucose
food
blood vessel
cells
without Insulin
digested
kidney
urine
Perm. Metabolic diesease  caused by lack of insulin
Glucose cannot be taken up  kidney filters out some
(Honigsüßer Durchfluss etc)
Still too much glucose in the blood  can cause death
CAUSES  LATER

5. Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus
Sugar in the urine
Thirst
Weight Loss
Blood sugar level too high
Sugar in the urine  much urine excretion  thirst
(urine tasting etc)
No insulin  no glucose taken up  too much sugar in the blood ` Weight loss

6. WHO-Classifications Type-1 Type-2 Type-3 Type-4
caused by destruction of the Insulin-producing cells
Further classificated as Type-1a and Type-1b
Type-2
Caused by Insulin immunity
Type-3
Caused by other diseases or damaging
Type-4
Occurs while pregnancy
WHO-Classification since 1998
Differ in causes and treatments
 Details  nächste folien

7. Type-1-Diabetes “Childhood Diabetes”
Cause:
Insulin-producing cells are destroyed…
Type-1a
…by the immune system
Type-1b
…for unknown reasons
Therapy:
Injecting Insulin under the skin
Type 1:
Starts during early childhood
insulin producing (beta-)cells (pancreas) are destroyed…
a) … by the immune System
b) … for unknown reasons
Therapy:
Inject Insulin under the skin

8. Type-2-Diabetes “Non-Insulin-dependent Diabetes mellitus”
Cause:
Insulin immunity caused by:
Overweight
Lack of movement
Genetic Conditions
Therapy:
Doing sports, dieting and medicines
Type-2 Diabetes:
concerns elderly people
starts because cells get slowly insensible for Insulin because of…(oben)
pancreas (Bauchspeicheldrüse) has to produce more Insulin
couldn’t produce so much
level of blood sugar cannot be controlled any more
Therapy:
doing sports or diets and take medicines
Easy treatment

9. Type-3-Diabetes Cause: Caused by several other reasons:
Type-3a, genetic damages of the Beta-Cells
Type-3b, genetic damages of the Insulin-Secretion
Type-3c, ill or destroyed pancreas
Type-3d, hormonal distortions
Type-3e, chemicals or medicines
Type-3f, infections
Type-3g, abnormal forms of Type-1-Diabetes
Type-3h, other diabetes-related genetic Syndromes
Caused by several abnormal reasons which seldom occur like … (oben)

10. Type-4-Diabetes “Pregnancy Diabetes”
Cause:
In pregnancy more glucose must be released
Sometimes pancreas cannot produce enough Insulin
Therapy:
easiest: waiting
Diets, injections
Type 4-Diabetes:
caused by pregnancy
body releases more glucose
pancreas should produce more Insulin
if (overweight, wrong nutrition, high age (over 30))  pancreas can’t produce enough Insulin
Treatment:
Diets or injections of insulin during pregnancy
disappears after it automatically

11. Side- and Aftereffects
High blood pressure
Retinopathy
Neuropathy
Heart attacks
Diabetic foot
Mikro- and Makroangiopathy
Diabetes has several side and after effects
Those cause death!

12. The Diabetes-Diet To get rid of Diabetes
Bread Units in carbohydrate-tables
Example:
Overweighted person: 13 BU
Slice of toast: 1 BU
Glass of milk: 1 BU
- to get rid of Diabetes
should eat 60% carbohydrates, 15% protein and 25% fat
not overweighted person with Diabetes can eat also sweets, but not too much.
have to look for “Bread Units”
look in carbohydrate-tables how much they can eat per day and meal and how much Bread Units the food has
Example:
overweighted person with Diabetes2:
can eat 13 Bread Units per day
split to 5 BUs in the morning, 5 BUs in the noon and 3 BUs in the evening
slice of toast: 1 BU, glass of milk 1 BU
so the person can eat 3 slices of toast and drink 2 glasses of milk for breakfast
normal weighted person with Diabetes1 needs Bread Units.

13. Thank you for your attention!
Questions?