1. Objectives Students should learn: How and why your blood sugar rises and falls that the pancreas monitors and controls the level of glucose in the blood how the pancreas functions to control the blood glucose concentration that diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin from the pancreas.

2. Outcomes Most students should be able to: state that the pancreas monitors and controls blood glucose concentration describe the symptoms and causes of diabetes describe how diabetes can be treated. Some students should also be able to: explain how the blood glucose concentration is monitored and controlled explain the causes of diabetes and how it is treated.

3. Specification The blood glucose concentration of the body is monitored and controlled by the pancreas. The pancreas produces the hormone insulin, which allows the glucose to move from the blood into the cells. [B3.3.3 a)] A second hormone, glucagon, is produced in the pancreas when blood glucose levels fall. This causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and be released into the blood. [HT only] [B3.3.3 b)] Type 1 diabetes is a disease in which a person’s blood glucose concentration may rise to a high level because the pancreas does not produce enough of the hormone insulin. [B3.3.3 c)] Type 1 diabetes may be controlled by careful attention to diet, exercise, and by injecting insulin. [B3.3.3 d)] Controlled Assessment: B4.3 Collect primary and secondary data. [B4.3.2 c) d) e)]

4. CONTROLLING BLOOD GLUCOSE p.258

5. What is blood glucose? Glucose is a type of sugar used by the body to provide energy. The brain can only use glucose as fuel Sometimes there is too much glucose in the blood, and sometimes there is not enough. How does the body regulate blood glucose levels? Absorption of digested carbohydrate (ie. Some time after eating) causes blood glucose levels to rise. Respiration by all cells uses glucose causing it to fall Vigorous exercise causes blood glucose levels to fall fast. What affects the level of blood glucose?

6. Controlling blood glucose Between meals, blood glucose levels are topped up from stored deposits of GLYCOGEN in the liver and muscles. After a meal, blood glucose rises but quickly returns to normal. Where does the excess go? Why not leave it in the blood? Excess glucose makes the blood plasma and tissue fluid around cells too concentrated. This can severely damage cells, for example, causing crenation in red blood cells.It also raises blood pressure. However, low blood sugar levels can be equally as dangerous, as it can make cells swell up and burst. This is called lysis.

7. The pancreas and blood glucose Blood glucose levels are monitored and controlled by the pancreas. The pancreas produces and releases different hormones depending on the blood glucose level. pancreas Insulin is released when blood glucose levels are high – telling the liver to store excess glucose as glycogen. AND Fat cells turn glucose to fat. Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are low – the liver converts stored glycogen into glucose and releases it into the blood.

8. Maintaining safe glucose levels

10. 1A carbohydrate needed for cellular respiration. 2A condition when the pancreas cannot make enough insulin to control the blood sugar. 3A hormone that makes your liver break down glycogen into glucose. 4An insoluble carbohydrate stored in the liver. 5A hormone made in the pancreas that causes glucose to pass from the blood and be stored as glycogen in liver cells. 6A chemical messenger carried in the blood that causes a change in the body. Vocabulary

11. 1A carbohydrate needed for cellular respiration. glucose 2A condition when the pancreas cannot make enough insulin to control the blood sugar. diabetes 3A hormone that makes your liver break down glycogen into glucose. glucagon 4An insoluble carbohydrate stored in the liver. glycogen 5A hormone made in the pancreas that causes glucose to pass from the blood and be stored as glycogen in liver cells. insulin 6A chemical messenger carried in the blood that causes a change in the body. hormone Vocabulary

12. Detected by …….. Releases …….. in to blood Circulates body Liver cells store ……. as …….. Detected by …….. Releases …….. into blood Circulates body Causes liver to break …….. down into ……. Copy and complete the body responses

13. Detected by pancreas Releases insulin in to blood Circulates body Liver cells store glucose as glycogen Detected by pancreas Releases glucagon into blood Circulates body Causes liver to break glycogen down into glucose

14. 1. When did we study type 2 diabetes, what is this disease associated with? 2. What causes type 1 diabetes? 3. What happens to the blood glucose levels? 4. Why do diabetic people feel tired? 5. How can type 1 diabetics be treated? (2) Questions

15. Type 1 diabetes 1. When did we study type 2 diabetes, what is this disease associated with? 2. What causes type 1 diabetes? 3. What happens to the blood glucose levels? 4. Why do diabetic people feel tired? 5. How can type 1 diabetics be treated? (2) 1. B1, obesity 2. Inability to produce insulin 3. Uncontrolled, often go too high – GLUCOSE CAN BE IN URINE 4. Cells have not taken up glucose, so lack respiration 5. Inject insulin (protein so digested in tablet form) and controlled diet (low sugar)

16. Workbook homework P. 119-120