1. Bosnia War 1991-1995 Erika Bugini Erika Ozaki Marina Naruse
Laura Bailey

2. Of a population of around four million people in 1992, two million were made refugees.
In the three and a half years of conflict, more than 100,000 were killed.
Sarajevo suffered the longest siege of any city in modern times, spanning the duration of the war. Ten thousand of its citizens were killed.

3. Contents Historical Background What Caused the War Timeline of Events
Criticism
Assessment of Wheeler’s Criteria
Current Situation in Bosnia & Herzegovina

4. Historical background
Since 14th century Ottoman Empire 1878 Austro-Hungarian Empire 1918 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1941 Independence State of Croatia and Partisans led by Tito →mass killing of Serbs by Ustashe ⇔Partisan 1946 Federative People’s Republic of Yugoslavia 1963 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

5. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
7 borders, 6 republics, 5 peoples, 4 languages, 3 religions, 2 alphabets, 1 nation
1948 Exclusion from Cominform
1980 Death of Tito
Late 1980’s Economic crisis
1986 Milosevic “Greater Serbs”
1991 Independence of Slovenia and Croatia
1992 Bosnian War

6. Josip Broz Tito ( )
1945 Provisional Yugoslav Prime Minister → 1953 President of Yugoslavia
1974 New Constitution: President for life
1980 Death
Policy towards each people
Principle of equality of peoples
A federal state with 6 republics
Decentralization of power and liberalization by the nation
Titoism
Self-management of economy
Non-Aligned Movement

7. Serbs, Croats and Muslims
Peoples in Yugoslavia; 36.2% od Serbs, 19.7% of Croats, 10% of Muslims, 9% of Albanians, and other Slovenians, Macedonians and Montenegrins(1991)
No majority of people in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Historical problems between peoples;
Muslims as Serbs or Muslims as Croats
Mass killing by Ustashe and the revenge by Chetniks

8. Desire for freedom and independence
what caused the war?
Ethnic discrimination
Effects
Mass killing/ torture/ rape
Fear
Feelings of exclusion
Core Problem
Desire for freedom and independence
Fear
Territory
Causes
Historic Grievances
Dissolution of the state
Ethnic diversities
Economic differences

9. How did it all begin? Death of Josip Broz Tito in 1980.
Election of Slobodan Milosevic in 1987.
1991: The Bosnian Croats and Muslims and Slovenia declare their independence.
1991- A Serb minority held an unofficial referendum opposing separation from Yugoslavia. Radovan Karadzic and his democratic party withdrew from the coalition government and set up their own “Serbian National Assembly”.
In 1992, Radovan Karadzic and his army began “cleansing” large areas of Bosnia of non-Serbs, beginning their siege in Sarajevo on April 6, 1992 wanting to make 2/3rds of Bosnia under Serbs control.
US and EC recognized Bosnia as independent state April

10. Initial International Response
Resolution 713- Imposed arms embargo meant Bosnian government could not defend themselves.
France, supported by Germany, Netherlands and Italy proposed that they send a force to impose peace but the UK opposed it because the Prime Minister thought it would extend fighting into other regions.
Despite the irrefutable evidence of genocide, the U.S. government under both Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton originally chose isolationist policies, because of the lack of U.S. interests at stake in the conflict- estimated 200, ,000 troops would have been needed to pacify Bosnia.
Their engagement included guarding the Sarajevo airport, escorting supplies to non-combatants, keeping the population alive until the war ended, and monitoring any cease fires…They were virtually useless in regard to ceasing the ethnic cleansing however.

11. What is meant by “ethnic Cleansing”?
While ‘genocide’ refers to the actual physical destruction of a group, ethnic cleansing is the expulsion of a group from a specific geographical area.
Serbians went from house to house demanding that people sign an oath of loyalty and hands in its weapons. If they refused to sign it, the men would be rounded up and put in detention camps, where they are forced to sign away their property and can never return home. Then they are deported to Croatia or simply flee abroad. Women and children would leave separately, under harassment. If they agree to sign the oath, the families are still terrorised - their houses are bombed and burned and so on.
Even though the same methods of murder, rape and torture are used, ‘ethnic cleansing’ is seen as less of an international humanitarian emergency.

12. Actions by Security Council
August discovery of detention centres for Muslim prisoners
th August- Resolution 770- authorized use of force under chapter 7 of the charter: “Use all means necessary” to deliver humanitarian aid
Aug 1992 British and French Governments proposed to send armed escorts to protect relief convoys of the office of UNHCR
In early January 1993, during the final days of the Bush Administration, the United Nations and the European Union had agreed upon the Vance-Owen Peace Plan (VOPP) for Bosnia which was rejected.
A month later, the U.N. Security Council established a war crimes tribunal for the former Yugoslavia .
April 1993, NATO commenced Operation Deny Flight to enforce this no-fly zone.
16th April Resolution 819 declaration of safe area in Srebrenica, May- Resolution 824, other areas added
Governor Clinton pressed the case for lifting arms embargo and using NATO airpower. He sent his secretary of state Warren Christopher to Europe to argue for this but Britain and France were against it because they thought it would lead to retaliation against their ground troops, who were lightly armed and widely dispersed.

13. Actions taken by NATO
Under resolution 836, the Security Council decided to deploy NATO air strikes to protect civilians and peace keepers in the safe areas
February 1994 Mortar shell exploded in Marketplace in Sarajevo
-69 dead 144 wounded
February 28th Under the Washington agreement, the Croat-Bosniak war ends
May 24th- Serb forces refuse to remove heavy weapons from Sarajevo and as a result NATO launches an aircraft attack on Serb ammunition depot. In retaliation, Serbs begin attacking the Muslim safe zones designated by the UN.

14. May 1994 Serbs take over 350 UN soldiers hostage
August 1994 NATO attacked Serb forces around Sarajevo as part of the UN imposed exclusion zone
Safe areas Sepa, Biihac, and Srebrenica fell

15. Key tipping point
July 11th 1995 The massacre in Srebrenica was the worst single event of the war, with Bosnian Serbs killing over 7,000 to 8,000 Muslim men and boys
This proved that air power was not a substitute for effective force on the ground
NATO agreed on the effective end of the “dual key” policy for controlling air strikes, with authority for strikes delegated to UNPROFOR and NATO commanders in the field.

16. Actions Taken By NATO August 1st- Operation Storm was launched
August 28th 1995 Mortar shell explosion in Sarajevo
-43 killed, 75 wounded
Operation Deliberate Force- NATO airstrikes attacked Serbian forces surrounding Goradze, Sarajevo,as well as Serb ammunition dumps, armament factories and fuel supplies which halted the offensive and inflicted serious damage.

17. Dayton Accord
November 1st Leaders of Bosnia, Serbia, and Croatia agree to a settlement
December 14th 1995 Dayton Accords signed
60,000 NATO peacekeeping Implementation Force (IFOR) troops are now allowed into the territories for peacekeeping purposes only.
created two entities of roughly equal size, one for Bosnian Muslims and Croats, the other for Bosnian Serbs.
Dec 20th 1995 NATO led Implementation Force deployed

18. Pre War

19. Dayton Accords

20. Criticism #1
Lack of will by the international community to intervene and to use force in Croatia
Serbs continued their campaign of violence in Croatia
They believed they could extend the violence to Bosnia without being stopped

21. Criticism #2
The recognition of Croatia, Bosnia and Slovenia as independent states
Triggered the desire of the right of self determination by Bosnian Serbs
The problem with the Badinter Commission was:
the right of self determination not on the basis of their nationalities but on the basis of their territorial claims to statehood

22. Criticism #3
The Westeners thought of the attacks against civilians as «side-effect of the fighting and not as the goal of the war»
BUT
«The defining character of the Bosnian war was that the violence was not directed against opposing sides, but against civilian populations» (Mary Kaldor)

23. Criticism #4 UN peacekeeping forces number was insufficient
 could not protect the Bosnian Muslims who were seeking shelter in the safe areas
 Massacre of Srebrenica (Dutch peacekeeping soldiers were not enough to protect all the refugees from the Bosnian Serbs)
Military intervention was too late

24. Criticism #5 the UN operation played an important role in
It did little or nothing to stop the Bosnian Serbs from shelling towns and cities and ethnically cleansing them of Muslims.
the UN operation played an important role in
preventing starvation by feeding people

25. Wheeler’s criteria - Minimum Criteria
1.Supreme humanitarian Emergency 　　 ☆☆☆☆☆　
2. Last Resort/ Necessity 　　　　　　　　　　 　☆☆☆
3. Proportionality ☆☆
4. Positive Humanitarian Income　　　　
Long Term ☆
Short Term ☆☆

26. Wheeler’s criteria Additional Criteria
5. Humanitarian Motive ☆☆☆ 6. Humanitarian Justification ☆☆☆☆☆ 7. Legality ☆☆☆☆☆ 8.Selectivity ☆☆☆☆☆

27. Current Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina

28. Present

29. Political Situation
Negotiations to amend the existing constitution, established by Dayton, in order to strengthen state institutions and transform the country into a non- ethnic parliamentary democracy, have so far failed to make much progress. 
“(…)Bosnia and Herzegovina continues to face challenges, which are largely stemming from the lack of political will on the side of the political leaders of Bosnia and Herzegovina to look beyond their narrow ethnic and party interests and to work out compromises necessary to move the country forward in a number of areas of key importance. “ ((Statement on behalf of the European Union by H.E. Mr Ioannis Vrailas, Chargé d'affaires a.i., Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations

30. Economic Situation
extremely high rates of youth unemployment – the highest in the region and Europe – the pronounced income inequalities gap, pervasive corruption and social and economic collapse in the country
“(…) The prolonged political stalemate and the absence of positive momentum in the domestic reform process leads to the further weakening of an already fragile economy, and puts a heavy burden on the socio-economic standing of the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina.” (Statement on behalf of the European Union by H.E. Mr Ioannis Vrailas, Chargé d'affaires a.i., Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations, at the Security Council Debate on "The situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina"

31. References http://www.europeanforum.net/country/bosnia_herzegovina