1. How to Use This Presentation How to Use This Presentation
• To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects
select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show”,
or simply press F5 on the top row of your keyboard.
• To advance to the next slide click the left mouse button once.
• From the Chapter screen you can click on any section to go directly to that section’s presentation.
• Blank or “missing” areas of a slide will remain hidden until the left mouse button is clicked.
• You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

2. Standardized Test Prep Image and Math Focus Bank
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Bellringers
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep
Image and Math Focus Bank
Visual Concepts

3. Chapter 4 Table of Contents Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
The Cell in Action
Table of Contents
Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
Section 2 Cell Energy
Section 3 The Cell Cycle

4. Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
Chapter 4
Bellringer
Which of the following best describes a living cell:
a) building block
b) a living organism
c) a complex factory
d) all of the above
Write a paragraph in your science journal defending your choice.

5. Chapter 4 Objectives Explain the process of diffusion.
Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
Chapter 4
Objectives
Explain the process of diffusion.
Describe how osmosis occurs.
Compare passive transport with active transport.
Explain how large particles get into and out of cells.

6. Chapter 4 What Is Diffusion?
Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
Chapter 4
What Is Diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density.
Diffusion of Water The diffusion of water through cell membranes is called osmosis.

7. What Is Diffusion?, continued
Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
Chapter 4
What Is Diffusion?, continued
The Cell and Osmosis Osmosis is important to cell functions.
Plasma surrounds red blood cells and is made up of water, salts, sugars, and other particles. Osmosis keeps the concentration of these particles in balance.
When a wilted plant is watered, osmosis makes the plant firm again.

8. Moving Small Particles
Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
Chapter 4
Moving Small Particles
Passive Transport The movement of particles across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell is called passive transport.
Active Transport A process of transporting particles that requires the cell to use energy is called active transport.

9. Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
Chapter 4

10. Moving Large Particles
Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
Chapter 4
Moving Large Particles
Endocytosis The active-transport process by which a cell surrounds a large particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell is called endocytosis.
Exocytosis The process in which a cell releases a particle by enclosing the particle in a vesicle that then moves to the cell surface and fuses with the cell membrane is called exocytosis.

11. Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
Chapter 4

12. Section 2 Cell Energy
Chapter 4
Bellringer
Make a list of all the different types of cells that you can think of and the jobs they do. Then make a list of all the reasons that a cell needs energy.
Write your answers in your science journal.

13. Chapter 4 Objectives Describe photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Section 2 Cell Energy
Chapter 4
Objectives
Describe photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Compare cellular respiration with fermentation.

14. Chapter 4 From Sun to Cell
Section 2 Cell Energy
Chapter 4
From Sun to Cell
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food.
Chlorophyll Plant cells have molecules that absorb light energy. These molecules are called pigments. Chlorophyll, the main pigment used in photosynthesis, gives plants their green color.

15. From Sun to Cell, continued
Section 2 Cell Energy
Chapter 4
From Sun to Cell, continued

16. Spectrum of Light and Plant Pigments
Section 2 Cell Energy
Chapter 4
Spectrum of Light and Plant Pigments
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Visual Concept

17. Getting Energy from Food
Section 2 Cell Energy
Chapter 4
Getting Energy from Food
Cellular Respiration During cellular respiration, food (such as glucose) is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, and energy is released.

18. Getting Energy from Food, continued
Section 2 Cell Energy
Chapter 4
Getting Energy from Food, continued
Connection Between Photosynthesis and Respiration During photosynthesis, cells take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. During cellular respiration, cells use oxygen to break down glucose and release energy and carbon dioxide.
Fermentation When muscles can’t get the oxygen for cellular respiration, they use fermentation to get energy. Fermentation is the breakdown of food without the use of oxygen.

19. Section 2 Cell Energy
Chapter 4

20. Chapter 4
Section 3 The Cell Cycle
Bellringer
Biology is the only science in which multiplication means the same thing as division—at least with regards to cells.
Explain what is meant by this statement in your science journal.

21. Chapter 4 Objectives Explain how cells produce more cells.
Section 3 The Cell Cycle
Objectives
Explain how cells produce more cells.
Describe the process of mitosis.
Explain how cell division differs in animals and plants.

22. Chapter 4 The Life of a Cell
Section 3 The Cell Cycle
The Life of a Cell
The cell cycle begins when the cell is formed and ends when the cell divides and forms new cells.
Before a cell divides, it must make a copy of its DNA which is organized into structures called chromosomes.

23. The Life of a Cell, continued
Chapter 4
Section 3 The Cell Cycle
The Life of a Cell, continued
Making More Prokaryotic Cells Cell division in bacteria is called binary fission, which means “splitting into two parts.”
Bacteria have a single circular DNA molecule (chromosome). Binary fission results in two cells that each contain one copy of the circle of DNA.

24. The Life of a Cell, continued
Chapter 4
Section 3 The Cell Cycle
The Life of a Cell, continued
Eukaryotic Cells and Their DNA The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells contain more DNA than those of prokaryotic cells.
In a eukaryotic cell, chromosomes are found in the nucleus and are made of DNA and protein.
Pairs of similar chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

25. The Life of a Cell, continued
Chapter 4
Section 3 The Cell Cycle
The Life of a Cell, continued
Making More Eukaryotic Cells The cell cycle has three stages:
Interphase: The cell grows and copies its chromosomes. The two copies are now called chromatids.
Mitosis: The chromatids separate.
The cell splits into two identical cells.

26. Mitosis and the Cell Cycle
Chapter 4
Section 3 The Cell Cycle
Mitosis and the Cell Cycle
Mitosis has four phases:
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

27. Chapter 4 Mitosis Section 3 The Cell Cycle
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Visual Concept

28. Mitosis and the Cell Cycle, continued
Chapter 4
Section 3 The Cell Cycle
Mitosis and the Cell Cycle, continued
Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm.
In animal cells and other eukaryotes that do not have cell walls, division of the cytoplasm begins at the cell membrane.
In plant cells and in other eukaryotes with cell walls, a cell plate forms and the cell splits into two cells.

29. Section 3 The Cell Cycle
Chapter 4

30. Chapter 4
The Cell in Action
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
ATP
photosynthesis
oxygen
water
consumers
lactic acid
producers
respiration
energy

31. Chapter 4
The Cell in Action

32. Chapter 4
The Cell in Action

33. End of Chapter 4 Show

34. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
Reading
Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

35. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
Passage 1 Perhaps you have heard that jogging or some other kind of exercise “burns” a lot of Calories. The word burn is often used to describe what happens when your cells release stored energy from food. The burning of food in living cells is not the same as the burning of logs in a campfire. When logs burn, the energy stored in wood is released as thermal energy and light in a single reaction. But this kind of reaction is not the kind that happens in cells. Instead, the energy that cells get from food molecules is released at each step of a series of chemical reactions.

36. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
1. According to the passage, how do cells release energy from food?
A in a single reaction
B as thermal energy and light
C in a series of reactions
D by burning

37. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
1. According to the passage, how do cells release energy from food?
A in a single reaction
B as thermal energy and light
C in a series of reactions
D by burning

38. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
2. Which of the following statements is a fact in the passage?
F Wood burns better than food does.
G Both food and wood have stored energy.
H Food has more stored energy than wood does.
I When it is burned, wood releases only thermal energy.

39. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
2. Which of the following statements is a fact in the passage?
F Wood burns better than food does.
G Both food and wood have stored energy.
H Food has more stored energy than wood does.
I When it is burned, wood releases only thermal energy.

40. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
3. According to the passage, why might people be confused between what happens in a living cell and what happens in a campfire?
A The word burn may describe both processes.
B Thermal energy is released during both processes.
C Wood can be burned and broken down by living cells.
D Jogging and other exercises use energy.

41. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
3. According to the passage, why might people be confused between what happens in a living cell and what happens in a campfire?
A The word burn may describe both processes.
B Thermal energy is released during both processes.
C Wood can be burned and broken down by living cells.
D Jogging and other exercises use energy.

42. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
Passage 2 The word respiration means “breathing,” but cellular respiration is different from breathing. Breathing supplies your cells with the oxygen that they need for cellular respiration. Breathing also rids your body of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the chemical process that releases energy from food.
Continued on the next slide

43. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
Passage 2, continued Most organisms obtain energy from food through cellular respiration. During cellular respiration, oxygen is used to break down food (glucose) into CO2 and H2O, and energy is released. In humans, most of the energy released is used to maintain body temperature.

44. Chapter 4 1. According to the passage, what is glucose?
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
1. According to the passage, what is glucose?
A a type of chemical process
B a type of waste product
C a type of organism
D a type of food

45. Chapter 4 1. According to the passage, what is glucose?
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
1. According to the passage, what is glucose?
A a type of chemical process
B a type of waste product
C a type of organism
D a type of food

46. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
2. According to the passage, how does cellular respiration differ from breathing?
F Breathing releases carbon dioxide, but cellular respiration releases oxygen.
G Cellular respiration is a chemical process that uses oxygen to release energy from food, but breathing supplies cells with oxygen.
H Cellular respiration requires oxygen, but breathing does not.
I Breathing rids your body of waste products, but cellular respiration stores wastes.

47. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
2. According to the passage, how does cellular respiration differ from breathing?
F Breathing releases carbon dioxide, but cellular respiration releases oxygen.
G Cellular respiration is a chemical process that uses oxygen to release energy from food, but breathing supplies cells with oxygen.
H Cellular respiration requires oxygen, but breathing does not.
I Breathing rids your body of waste products, but cellular respiration stores wastes.

48. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
3. According to the passage, how do humans use most of the energy released?
A to break down food
B to obtain oxygen
C to maintain body temperature
D to get rid of carbon dioxide

49. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
3. According to the passage, how do humans use most of the energy released?
A to break down food
B to obtain oxygen
C to maintain body temperature
D to get rid of carbon dioxide

50. Interpreting Graphics
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
Interpreting Graphics
The graph below shows the cell cycle. Use this graph to answer the questions that follow.

51. Chapter 4 1. Which part of the cell cycle lasts longest? A interphase
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
1. Which part of the cell cycle lasts longest?
A interphase
B mitosis
C cytokinesis
D There is not enough information to determine the answer.

52. Chapter 4 1. Which part of the cell cycle lasts longest? A interphase
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
1. Which part of the cell cycle lasts longest?
A interphase
B mitosis
C cytokinesis
D There is not enough information to determine the answer.

53. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
2. Which of the following lists the parts of the cell cycle in the proper order?
F mitosis, cytokinesis, mitosis
G interphase, cytokinesis, mitosis
H interphase, mitosis, interphase
I mitosis, cytokinesis, interphase

54. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
2. Which of the following lists the parts of the cell cycle in the proper order?
F mitosis, cytokinesis, mitosis
G interphase, cytokinesis, mitosis
H interphase, mitosis, interphase
I mitosis, cytokinesis, interphase

55. Chapter 4 3. Which part of mitosis is the briefest? A interphase
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
3. Which part of mitosis is the briefest?
A interphase
B cell cycle
C cytokinesis
D There is not enough information to determine the answer.

56. Chapter 4 3. Which part of mitosis is the briefest? A interphase
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
3. Which part of mitosis is the briefest?
A interphase
B cell cycle
C cytokinesis
D There is not enough information to determine the answer.

57. Chapter 4 4. Why is the cell cycle represented by a circle?
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
4. Why is the cell cycle represented by a circle?
F The cell cycle is a continuous process that begins again after it finishes.
G The cell cycle happens only in cells that are round.
H The cell cycle is a linear process.
I The cell is in interphase for more than half of the cell cycle.

58. Chapter 4 4. Why is the cell cycle represented by a circle?
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
4. Why is the cell cycle represented by a circle?
F The cell cycle is a continuous process that begins again after it finishes.
G The cell cycle happens only in cells that are round.
H The cell cycle is a linear process.
I The cell is in interphase for more than half of the cell cycle.

59. Chapter 4 Math Read each question, and choose the best answer.
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
Math
Read each question, and choose the best answer.

60. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
1. A normal cell spends 90% of its time in interphase. How is 90% expressed as a fraction?
A 3/4
B 4/5
C 85/100
D 9/10

61. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
1. A normal cell spends 90% of its time in interphase. How is 90% expressed as a fraction?
A 3/4
B 4/5
C 85/100
D 9/10

62. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
2. If a cell lived for 3 weeks and 4 days, how many days did it live?
F 7
G 11
H 21
I 25

63. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
2. If a cell lived for 3 weeks and 4 days, how many days did it live?
F 7
G 11
H 21
I 25

64. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
3. How is 2  3  3  3  3 expressed in exponential notation?
A 3  24
B 2  33
C 34
D 2  34

65. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
3. How is 2  3  3  3  3 expressed in exponential notation?
A 3  24
B 2  33
C 34
D 2  34

66. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
4. Cell A has 3 times as many chromosomes as cell B has. After cell B’s chromosomes double during mitosis, cell B has 6 chromosomes. How many chromosomes does cell A have?
F 3
G 6
H 9
I 18

67. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
4. Cell A has 3 times as many chromosomes as cell B has. After cell B’s chromosomes double during mitosis, cell B has 6 chromosomes. How many chromosomes does cell A have?
F 3
G 6
H 9
I 18

68. Chapter 4 5. If x  2  3, what does x  1 equal? A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
5. If x  2  3, what does x  1 equal?
A 4
B 3
C 2
D 1

69. Chapter 4 5. If x  2  3, what does x  1 equal? A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
5. If x  2  3, what does x  1 equal?
A 4
B 3
C 2
D 1

70. Chapter 4 6. If 3x  2  26, what does x  1 equal? F 7 G 8 H 9 I 10
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
6. If 3x  2  26, what does x  1 equal?
F 7
G 8
H 9
I 10

71. Chapter 4 6. If 3x  2  26, what does x  1 equal? F 7 G 8 H 9 I 10
Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4
6. If 3x  2  26, what does x  1 equal?
F 7
G 8
H 9
I 10

72. Section 1 Exchange with the Environment
Chapter 4

73. Section 2 Cell Energy
Chapter 4

74. Section 2 Cell Energy
Chapter 4

75. Standardized Test Preparation
Chapter 4