2. The Language of Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 1.1
The Language of Anatomy and Physiology

3. Introducing Anatomy and Physiology
Human anatomy and physiology involve the study of the form and function of the human body.
In this chapter you will learn some of the important, specialized terminology essential for the study of anatomy and physiology.
You will also learn the basic, underlying physiological processes essential for life.

4. Introducing Anatomy and Physiology
Human anatomy
Identifies the parts of the human body
gross human anatomy
microscopic human anatomy
Human physiology
How the parts of the human body function pH
Ca+ & K+

5. Describing the Human Body - Planes
To describe the human body and its movements, we imagine that there are three planes, or flat surfaces, passing through the center of the body
We use these planes to help describe motions of the body and the body segments when they are aligned with the direction of one of these planes.

6. Describing the Human Body - Planes
Sagittal
divides the body into right and left portions
forward and backward motions of the body are said to be sagittal plane movements.
Sagittal plane movements
Frontal
divides the body into front and back portions
sideways movements considered to be frontal plane movements
Frontal Plane movements

7. Describing the Human Body - Planes
Transverse
divides the body into top and bottom portions
rotational movements are called transverse plane movements
Transverse Plane movements

8. Common Directional Terms

9. Body Cavities
Inside the human body are a number of open chambers called cavities that hold the internal organs of the body.
dorsal (posterior) cavities
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
ventral (anterior) cavities
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

10. Body Cavities
The body also includes several small cavities, including the
oral cavity
nasal cavity
orbital cavities
middle ear cavities

11. Basic Physiological Processes
Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 1.2
Basic Physiological Processes

12. Structural Organization of the Body
Our bodies are organized into specialized systems that carry out precise functions. Many of these systems also influence the activities of the other systems.
The systems are constructed in the following hierarchy:
atoms
molecules
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems

13. Human Organ Systems

14. Human Organ Systems

15. Human Organ Systems

16. Homeostasis
These are control mechanisms that maintain a steady internal environment inside an organisms body
Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis through processes called homeostatic mechanisms.
Rido/Shutterstock.com

17. Homeostasis
All homeostatic control mechanisms have three elements in common.
Receptor – relays the message
Control center – analyses the information
Effector – causes an action that helps maintain homeostasis
Rido/Shutterstock.com

18. Homeostasis
Most homeostatic mechanisms work on the principle of negative feedback.
Negative feedback
conditions exceeding a set limit in one direction trigger a negative reaction in the opposite direction
If the temperature begins to rise above the normal 37°C (98.6ºF), the hypothalamus of the brain triggers a series of signals to different organs to cause sweating. The evaporation of sweat on the skin cools the body.

19. Homeostasis Positive feedback
conditions cause a reaction to accelerate blood clotting, transmitting nerve signals, and stimulating contractions during childbirth.

20. Homeostatic Imbalance
Occurs when organ systems have a diminished ability to keep the body’s internal environment within the normal ranges
For example the aging process is accompanied by imbalances that lead to wrinkling, reduced muscle mass, etc.

21. Metabolism
This a term used to describe the multitude of chemical reactions constantly going on within the body’s cells.
There are typically two general types of activities:
Anabolism
big molecules made from smaller molecules
Catabolism
big molecule broken into smaller molecules

22. Metabolic Rate
This is the speed with which the body consumes energy, which is also the rate of ATP production.
Approximately 60%–75% of the calories that an average person burns is accounted for by the basal metabolic rate,
BMR - the energy needed for maintaining basic life functions.

23. Metabolic Rate
About another 10% of the calories burned is used in digesting and processing the food and drink that we consume.
The remainder of the calories burned depends on the amount of physical activity that we engage in.
Muscle requires more energy for maintenance than other tissues, even at rest, muscular individuals burn more calories and are said to have “higher metabolic rates” than others.

24. Review and Assessment True or False?
Negative feedback mechanisms increase disruptive forces.
2. Homeostatic control mechanisms maintain a steady internal environment.
3. Anabolism breaks molecules down.
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE