2. 1 Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 1.1: The Language of Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 1.2: Basic Physiological Processes Lesson 1.3: How Forces Affect the Body Lesson 1.4: Understanding Science

3. The Language of Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 1.1
The Language of Anatomy and Physiology

4. The Language of Anatomy and Physiology
introducing anatomy and physiology
describing the human body
the metric system

5. Introducing Anatomy and Physiology
human anatomy
identify the parts of the human body; study of form/structure
gross human anatomy: study of the body structures we can see with our eyes.
microscopic human anatomy: study of tiny structures seen only with a microscope
human physiology
how the parts of the human body function

6. Describing the Human Body
anatomical position: normal standing position, feet slightly apart, face, shoulders and palms forward.
planes
Sagittal (left and right halves)
Frontal (front and back halves)
Transverse (top and bottom halves)

7. Common Directional Terms

8. Review and Assessment
True or False? 1. The frontal plane divides the body into left and right halves. 2. Proximal means closer to the trunk. 3. Lateral means away from the midline of the body.

9. Body Cavities dorsal (posterior) cavities ventral (anterior) cavities
cranial
spinal
ventral (anterior) cavities
thoracic
abdominopelvic
abdominal
pelvic

10. The Metric System System for numerical quantities
Used in all fields of science
Metric conversions are easy because everything (except time) is based on a factor of 10
Four base units>>
meter–measures length
kilogram–measures mass
second–measures time
Kelvin–measures temperature

11. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: diaphragm, kilogram, or thoracic. 1. The heart is located in the _______________ cavity. 2. The _______________ separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. 3. The metric base unit of mass is the _______________.

12. Basic Physiological Processes
Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 1.2
Basic Physiological Processes

13. Basic Physiological Processes
structural and functional organization of the body
Body is organized into specialized systems that carry out precise functions
Many systems affect other systems

14. Structural Organization of the Body
Cells-composed of organized groups of specialized molecules
Tissues-formed by groups of similar cells with a common function
Four basic types 1) epithelial, 2) connective, 3)muscular, and 4) neural
Organs
perform a specific function, composed of at least 2 different types of tissue.
organ systems- includes 2 or more organs that work together
Nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and all nerves)
Cardiovascular system (heart, blood vessels)

16. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: cardiovascular, skeletal, or urinary. 1. The _______________ system supports the body. 2. The _______________ system eliminates waste. 3. The _______________ system transports oxygen.

17. Homeostasis
Regulated physiological balance—controls factors such as body temp, blood pressure, blood sugar, water balance, and sodium levels
Controlled through homeostatic mechanisms
All mechanisms have three receptor
control center
effector
Rido/Shutterstock.com

18. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
All control mechanisms have three things in common
1: a change in the environment stimulates a sensory receptor nerve which sends a message to a…
2: control center along an afferent pathway, which analyzes the info, if action is needed to maintain homeostasis, the control center sends a command stimulus to an..
3: effector along an efferent pathway. The effector causes an action that helps maintain homeostasis.
The nervous and endocrine systems initiate most homeostatic responses

19. Homeostasis Negative Feedback Most homeostatic mechanisms
conditions exceeding a set limit in one direction trigger a negative reaction in the opposite direction, restoring the system to the set point
Works like the thermostat in your home
Ex: When body temp is too hot, body sweats and vessels dilate, to cool the body. When it is too cold, muscles start to shiver and vessels constrict, to generate heat and reduce heat loss.

20. Homeostasis Positive Feedback Increase disruptive influences
Ex: blood clotting, transmitting nerve signals, stimulating contractions during childbirth

21. Homeostatic Imbalance
organ systems have a diminished ability to keep the body’s internal environment within the normal ranges
Aging process
Can lead to chronic diseases
Type II diabetes

22. Metabolism All the chemical reactions occurring in body’s cells
anabolism
big molecules made from smaller molecules
catabolism
big molecule broken into smaller molecules
metabolic rate
Speed with which the body consumes energy…also the rate of ATP (adenosine triphosphate, energy currency of cell) production

23. Review and Assessment
True or False? 1. Negative feedback mechanisms increase disruptive forces. 2. Homeostatic control mechanisms maintain a steady internal environment. 3. Anabolism breaks molecules down.

24. How Forces Affect the Body
Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 1.3
How Forces Affect the Body

25. How Forces Affect the Body
basic kinetic concepts
Kinetics: analysis of the actions of forces
forces and injury to the human body

26. Basic Kinetic Concepts
force
push or pull
mass and weight
pressure
force spread over an area
torque
twisting force

27. Forces and Injury to the Human Body
compression
squeezing force
tension
pulling force
shear
tearing apart force

28. Combined Loads = multiple forces acting at same time (two or more)
bending
off-center force
torsion
Occurs when a structure is forced to twist about its length
Usually one end of structure is fixed

29. The Effects of Force Application
Acceleration- change in velocity of object
Deformation- change in shape
Elastic: caused by small forces, when force is removed tissue returns to original size & shape
Plastic: force causes deformation to exceed tissue’s elastic limit, causing some about of permanent deformation. Results in injury.
Repetitive vs. Acute
Acute: single force, ex: getting knocked over once
Repetitive: small forces sustained repeatedly may result in injury, hairline fracture in foot from running.

30. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: tension, kinetics, pressure, torsion.
1. analysis of force action
2. twisting force
3. pulling force
4. force spread over an area

31. Understanding Science
Chapter 1: Foundations of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lesson 1.4
Understanding Science

32. Understanding Science
the scientific method
developing scientific theories
the impact of scientific research

33. Science creates new knowledge testable explanations
testable predictions

34. The Scientific Method Step 1: Identifying a Research Question
Step 2: Formulating One or More Hypotheses
Step 3: Planning the Organization of the Study
Step 4: Collecting the Data

35. The Scientific Method (continued)
Step 5: Analyzing and Evaluating the Data with Statistical Tools
Step 6: Interpreting and Discussing the Results
Step 7: Deriving Conclusions from the Results

36. Developing Scientific Theories
tested through the scientific method
accurate explanation of some aspect of the natural world

37. Early Greek and Roman Anatomists
Aristotle
wrote On the Parts of Animals
Galen
compiled numerous anatomical reports
first to assert that the brain controls muscles

38. Anatomists in the Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci
The Vitruvian Man
Andreas Vesalius
De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body)
William Harvey
one of the first accurate descriptions of human physiology
Reed/Shutterstock.com

39. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: scientific theory, science, or Galen. 1. _______________ creates new knowledge. 2. A(n) _______________ is an accurate explanation of some aspect of the natural world. 3. The early Greek and Roman anatomists were Aristotle and _______________.