1. Peep under the Iron curtain
March 6, 1946
Describe what you see in the political cartoon
Who is “Joe”?
What part of Europe is sealed off?
What does the wall symbolize?

2. THE COLD WAR BEGINS

3. THE COLD WAR vs. United States Soviet Union Democracy Communism
The era of confrontation and competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union when the threat of nuclear war created constant world tension
United States
Soviet Union
vs.
Democracy
Communism

4. Rise of Super-Powers
The end of WWII left two great “super-powers” in control of world affairs: United States and Russia.
They were considered superpowers because they possessed far greater military strength, economic power, & political influence that other nations.
They became rivals in a “Cold War” that would last for more than 40 years.
The war was “cold” only in sense that, because of nuclear weapons, but “never” confronted each other directly in open warfare. but they were often very close to war (Hotspots).
Their global competition led to frequent world crisis in every continent either to stop the spread of communism (USA) or help the spread (USSR).

5. Differing Philosophies
Believed in democratic forms of government
Believed economic stability would keep peace in the word
Believed the free enterprise system was necessary for economic growth
Believed in a communistic forms of government
Believed in workers revolting (striking) against business owners and taking control of government
Wanted to control countries between Russia and Germany

6. The Social, Political, & Economic Causes of the Cold War
Wealth should be shared with everyone. Rich people are selfish
Factories should be owned by the state
Press CANT criticize govt
Religion should not exist
Allowed to only choose communist government
Involved in every aspect of people lives
Freedom:
to make & do what you want with your money
Own business
Of Press
Of Religion
The people choose the government
Little involvement in people’s lives
United States
Soviet Union

8. The Cold War
The Cold War, often dated from 1947–1991, was a sustained state of political and military tension between the powers of United States and Soviet Union. Both wanted to be the most powerful nation in the world. But “never” went to war with each other.

9. The Cold War begins in Europe
Yalta Conference
Potsdam Conference
Iron Curtain
Truman Response with containment
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Division of Germany
Formation of NATO & Warsaw Pact

10. The Great Alliance of WW II
United against Hitler
In 1941, Hitler invaded Soviet Russia. For a brief period until 1945 Russia united with the USA to defeat Hitler.
IN WORLD WAR II THE FAR LEFT AND THE RIGHT TEAMED UP TO DESTROY FASCISM
The Great Alliance of WW II

11. Post-War at the Yalta Conference
In 1945, as the destruction of Germany was inevitable. The Leaders of the winning countries though to settle what should become of Germany and countries invaded by Hitler. They started to talk and they first met at Yalta. It came to be known as the Yalta Conference.

12. The Yalta Conference
In Feb of 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. The “big three” laid plans for the postwar reconstruction of Europe.
Agreed to divide Germany into 4 separate occupation zone
Stalin to support for a new world peace keeping organization (negotiated at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference)
Accept a communist government in Poland until elections could be held after the war

13. The Yalta Conference

14. The Potsdam Conference
The Potsdam Conference was a meeting of the Allied leaders during World War II to decide what to do with Germany

15. The Potsdam Conference
Serious differences between the Soviet Union and the U.S. arose, mainly over the future of Eastern Europe.
Stalin believed U.S.S.R should have control over E. Europe
Felt W. Europe had no direct interest in E. Europe; therefore; not interfere with Soviets activity
Soviet Red Army was already there
Didn’t trust U.S & other W. countries
The Soviets Point of View

16. The Potsdam Conference
Truman felt Stalin should keep his word on free elections in Poland
Believed other European countries wanted to become democratic, free-market nations
Believed Stalin was a brutal dictator and couldn’t be trusted
They felt it was important to resist Stalin’s demands from the beginning, rather to wait before they become even more powerful.
Americans Point of View

17. The Potsdam Conference
What did they agree on?
1.Divide Germany into 4 zones
2. Demobilize German Armed Forces - reduce size 3. Free Elections in Germany - Democracy 4. Reparations - each side take as much as they want from own zone 5. Nazi Party made illegal 6. Polish Frontier - move westwards. Make Germany smaller
Americans Point of View

18. The Iron Curtain
With the failure of the Soviets to hold free elections in Poland and the US to share its atomic secrets, the “Cold War” began in earnest.
Local communists came to power throughout Eastern Europe
Trade & Communication between Eastern & Western were cut off
The Iron Curtain came to stand for the division of Europe between East and West Europe; East was dominated by USSR, West supported USA.
People of the East were restricted from leaving their countries, and people of the West who wanted to visit the East were restricted as well.
Churchill says an “Iron Curtain” has descended across the continent
referring to Soviet control of Eastern Europe
no news allowed in or out of Soviet controlled territory

19. The Iron Curtain
Physically, the Iron Curtain took the form of border defenses between the countries of Europe in the middle of the continent. The most notable border was marked by the Berlin Wall, which served as a symbol of the Iron Curtain as a whole

20. The Iron Curtain
Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary Bulgaria and East Germany became satellite nations of Soviet Union (Communist Govt.)
“An iron curtain has descended across the Continent”
– Prime Minister Winston Churchill

21. Truman Responds with Containment Policy
Truman and his closest advisers, feared that Soviets power in Eastern Europe was first steps in taking control of the world.
They were determined not to make the same mistake France and Britain had committed in failing to stand up against Nazi Germany and Hitler.
Truman’s attempt was not to overturn Communism where it already existed but to “contain it”. This became known as “containment policy”.

22. Fighting Communism
CONTAINMENT POLICY: The U.S. would work to stop the spread of communism.
1. Truman Doctrine
2. Marshall Plan
3. NATO and other alliances

23. Truman Doctrine
U.S. foreign policy established by President Truman saying the U.S. would protect democracies throughout the world
“It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures”
-- Harry Truman

24. The Truman Doctrine & Domino Theory
Truman Doctrine: U.S. would aid countries around the world who resist the spread of communism
(like Greece and Turkey).
Domino Theory: If the U.S. doesn’t fight communism, then countries will fall to communism like dominos.

25. American tanks provided by the Truman Doctrine roll through Turkey
It pledged that the United States would fight Communism worldwide
Truman Doctrine was an extension to the U.S. foreign policy set forth in the Monroe Doctrine (1823) and the Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
American tanks provided by the Truman Doctrine roll through Turkey

26. Aid for Europe
Secretary of State George Marshall toured Western Europe; witnessed widespread homelessness and famine.
Fearing Europeans would turn to communism as an answer to their economic problems, Marshall proposed the U.S. help to rebuild Europe, leading to…
Children in a London suburb, waiting outside the wreckage of what was their home

27. The Marshall Plan 1948 Plan to aid Europe—in ruins
Prevent countries from falling to communists
Aid American business
$17 billion to 16 countries in Europe(Soviet Union rejected)

28. Marshall Plan
U.S. plan for rebuilding Western Europe, and repelling communism after World War II
Plan pumped billions of dollars into Western Europe for food and supplies
Plan made U.S. heroes to people of Western Europe
George C. Marshall

29. Marshall Plan aids Western Europe
The Marshall Plan proved to be a great success
Within 4 years, countries receiving aid saw a 41% higher industrial production than on the eve of World War II
Countries were stabilized and exports were rising rapidly
Countries receiving aid under Marshall Plan

31. Eastern European countries were offered to take part in the Marshall Plan…
What is this cartoon trying to say?
… but Stalin and other East European leaders refused financial help from the United States

32. The Division of Germany, the Berlin Blockade and the Berlin Airlift, 1948

33. Germany Divided
British
After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops.
Soviet
French
Occupation zones after Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.
American

34. East and West Germany formed East Berlin West Berlin
East Germany
West Germany
In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany.

35. Eventual site of the Berlin Wall
In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade.
Eventual site of the Berlin Wall

36. Soviet Response
An angry Stalin responded with the:
BERLIN BLOCKADE 1948-
sealing off a place (Berlin) to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving.
No car; trains; or boat was allowed to enter West Berlin zones.

37. Berlin Blockade & Berlin Airlift (1948-49)
The Berlin Blockade was an attempt to starve West Berlin into submitting [giving up] to the communists
President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by flying in food and other supplies to the needy people of West Berlin
The Berlin Airlift successfully defied Stalin.
The Soviets then turned in their zone in Germany into an independent nation: German Democratic Republic, also known as “East Germany”

38. Berlin Airlift
The airlift continued for 11 months before Stalin finally lifted the blockade
The Berlin Airlift saved the people of West Berlin from falling under Soviet Union control
Soviet blockade of West Germany convinced many Americans that the Soviets were trying to conquer other nations

39. NATO vs. WARSAW PACT
In 1949, US and 11 other nations sign collective security agreement
The countries on the US’s side formed an alliance called North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Agreed that if one member were attacked, the others would come to their defense. Attack to one nation was an attack against all 12 nations.
Purpose was mutual defense
In response; the Soviet Union and 7 communist nations formed the : Warsaw Pact. They pledge that an attack against one was an attack against all.
Warsaw Pact ended in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
NATO still exists.

40. Formed in 1949 to protect Western Europe from Soviet aggression
Birth of NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Formed in 1949 to protect Western Europe from Soviet aggression

42. The Warsaw Pact
Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary Bulgaria and East Germany became satellite nations of Soviet Union
The Warsaw Pact was the Soviet Union’s response to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

44. The Cold War Heats Up

45. Nationalists vs Communists
Since 1927; Communist Chinese had been attempting to overthrow the Nationalist Chinese government.
They both fought for control of China.

46. Nationalist: Chiang Kai-shek
Relied on U.S. aid
Struggled with inflation and a failing economy.
Suffered from weak leadership and poor morale. Warlords caused many problems defeated by Communist Mao, fled to Taiwan.

47. Communist: Mao Zedong Relied on Soviet Aid
Attracted peasants with promises of land reform and improve food production.
Highly motivated leadership, defeated Nationalists-Chiang Kai Shek. Reds won!

48. Cold War spreads to Asia
1949-Fall of China: Communists take over
Mao Zedong takes control of Chinese government from Chang Kai-shek’s Nationalist Party
Half the world now appeared to be under Communist control
China
Korea
The country of Korea became the next battleground in the Cold War

51. If one country falls to communism, others around it will fall as well
The Korean War
A “Police Action” ( )
Kim Il-Sung
Leader of
North Korea
Syngman Rhee
“Domino Theory”
If one country falls to communism, others around it will fall as well
President of
South Korea

52. Many Americans were shocked that the United States had not done more to prevent the fall of China into Communist hands.
This affected the climate of opinion in the United States at the time of the outbreak of the Korean War.

53. The Korean War The Cold War gets HOT
Korea was ruled by Japan from
Following World War II, the Allies divided Korea at the 38th parallel
Soviets controlled North Korea and established a communist govt; U.S. sets up a democracy in South Korea

54. The Korean War The Cold War gets HOT
On June 25, 1950, North Korea invades South Korea in an attempt to unify the country under communism rule
Communist leaders did not expect the U.S. Would help
With the approval of United Nations, Truman was able to send U.S. troops to S. Korea to resist the invasion.
After 5 yrs since WWII, U.S. found their selves in another war

55. N. Korea forces had overrun most of S. Korea
Truman sends General Douglas MacArthur to command American forces.
General MacArthur landed his forces north of the N. Korean army. This took them by surprise and forced them to retreat. Then MacArthur counterattacked by marching into N. Korea. His advances went up to the border between N. Korea and China.

56. The Korean War MacArthur’s advances brought China into war
Chinese enter war on the side of North Korea
MacArthur planned to blockade mainland China and to assist Chiang Kai-Shek to recapture control of the mainland
Macarthur was even willing to use the atomic bomb
Truman was willing but for extreme circumstances. Otherwise, against it.
Macarthur criticized Truman for wanting a “limited war”
An artillery officer directs UN troops as they drop white phosphorous on a Communist-held post in February 1951.

57. .

58. Consequences of the Korean War
Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected as President of the US.
He promised voters he would find a way to end the Korean War.
War ends in a stalemate
An armistice was signed ending the war in July 1953
Korea was divided at the 38th parallel (still today).
Korea remains divided today. S. Korea is successful industrial economy; while N. Korea is isolated
Korean War marked an important turning point in the Cold War
U.S. began a major military build-up; began using military force to prevent spread of communism

59. The armistice ending the war was finally signed in 1953 at Panmunjom, a village sitting on the demilitarized zone (DMZ) between N & S Korea. Only 160 miles long.