1. ©2011 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Gleitman • Gross • Reisberg
Psychology
EIGHTH EDITION
Chapter 3
The Brain and the
Nervous System
©2011 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

2. Chapter Topics The Experience Dependent Brain
Building Blocks of the Nervous System and Brain
Communication among Neurons
Communication through the Bloodstream
Methods for Studying the Nervous System
The Architecture of the Nervous System

3. Chapter Topics The Cerebral Cortex Plasticity
Some Final Thoughts: Do All Psychological Questions Have Biological Answers?
Summary

4. How We Learn About the Brain
Science typically learns about the brain and the CNS through studying people with brain injury or brain illness.
Further studies are done on people who have been severely abused as well as completing autopsies on people who have been injured, had injury or through age.

5. (left) Wikimedia. com, (right) Damasio et al
(left) Wikimedia.com, (right) Damasio et al., “The Return of Phineas Gage,” Science, 264 (1994). Courtesy of Hanna Damasio
3.20 Phineas Gage (A) A photograph of Phineas Gage and the actual rod that passed through his brain. (B) A computer reconstruction showing the path of the rod.

6. Brain Knowledge The Importance of this knowledge for Psychology.
Classic case of Phinneas Gage
Other studies of people with TBI such as former NFL players, Veterans, people living with stroke, parkinsons, etc.
Children who have been abused or neglected.

7. Videos Phinneas Gage https://youtu.be/5B2pQkqM6nc
RAD
Traumatic Brain Injury
Discussion?

8. The Structure and the Function of the Brain
Discussion of the CNS and the PNS
The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia (nerve cell clusters) outside of the brain and spinal cord.

9. as we saw on the film.

11. Autonomic Nervous System
The part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for the control of the bodily functions that are not consciously directed such as your heart beating, breathing, and digesting of food.
It has afferent nerves (sensory neurons) which send impulses from the sensory receptors and sense organs to the CNS.
And Efferent nerves (motor neurons) which send impulses to muscles or glands to tell them what to do.

12. Somatic Nervous System
This is responsible for carrying motor and sensory information between the CNS and the skeletal muscles, skin, and sensory organs. It is part of the peripheral nervous system.
It is called the voluntary nervous system.
Includes voluntary movement of muscles, organs, and reflex movements.
Also has efferent and afferent nerves.

13. Innervation: To supply nerves to a bodily organ or to stimulate a body part with nerve impulses.

16. Brain Stem
This regulates heart rate, breathing, sleeping, and eating, as well as other functions.
The nerve connections from the motor and sensory systems of the cortex pass through the Brain Stem to communicate with the PNS.
Plays an important role in consciousness.

17. Convolutions are folds in the brain

24. Brain Illness/Injury and Depression
Stroke can cause paralysis, speech problems, and an inability to complete daily tasks.
Depression and stroke and heart attack are linked.
Seizures happen when the brain cells, which communicate through electrical signals, send out the wrong signals.

25. Seizures In about half the cases the cause is not known.
Causes include head injury, genes, dementia, brain injury, lupus, meningitis, stroke, heart attack.
Treatment may include brain removal.

26. Aphasia and Mental Health
Broca’s Aphasia
Wernicke”s Aphasia
Aphasia: The loss or impairment in the ability to comprehend language, such as the spoken or written word, read numbers and not letters, etc.

27. Brain Injury Post Concussive Syndrome https://youtu.be/N9S_Hdkqf08
Other Traumatic Brain Injury
Due to illness of medications
troops-given-anti-malaria-drug-despite- concern-of-side-effects

30. Plasticity in Action http://bigthink.com/think-tank/brain- exercise
Another example of neuroplasticity has been found in London taxi drivers. A cab driver's hippocampus -- the part of the brain that holds spatial representation capacity -- is measurably larger than that of a bus driver. By driving the same route every day, the bus drivers don't need to exercise this part of the brain as much. The cabbies, on the other hand, rely on it constantly for navigation.

31. Thursday Review Continue Discussion of the Brain
What is it like when you cannot use parts of your brain.
Continue on Tuesday with Neural Communication and exam review.
The first exam is Tuesday 2/2.

32. Final Thoughts
Should all psychological questions have biological answers?
Although all of human behavior may have an identifiable biological correlate in terms of neural firing, in many cases, this correlate is not the most useful explanation.

33. Concept Quiz
Which of the following best describes what functional neuroimaging techniques measure?
which brain regions are active during a specific task
the pattern of increases in activity in individual brain regions during a specific task
which brain regions are inactive during a specific task
the pattern of decreases in activity in individual brain regions during a specific task
Answer: B
Type: conceptual

34. Concept Quiz The central nervous system consists of the:
efferent nerves.
afferent nerves.
brain and spinal cord.
somatic division and autonomic division.
Answer: C
Type: factual

35. Concept Quiz
Melissa has suffered brain damage and is now unable to recognize objects by looking at them. She is, however, able to recognize objects by touching them. Melissa’s disorder is called:
apraxia.
visual agnosia.
prosopagnosia.
aphasia.
Answer: B
Type: conceptual

36. Concept Quiz The most common type (99 percent) of neurons are:
motor neurons.
interneurons.
sensory neurons.
primary neurons.
Answer: B
Type: factual

37. Concept Quiz
The destabilization-restabilization sequence of a neuron’s cell membrane, caused by the movement of ions across the cell membrane, is called:
an action potential.
a resting potential.
an exitation threshold.
a propagation pattern.
Answer: A
Type: vocabulary

38. Video Clips

39. Twin DNA Differences (1:33)
Geneticists are discovering that identical twins don’t have identical DNA. As this ScienCentral News video explains, this surprising research could help scientists better understand genetic diseases in the rest of us.
Featuring: Julia and Claire Calzonetti, identical twins; Jan Dumanski, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Copyright ScienCentral, Inc.

40. This concludes the presentation slides for Chapter 3
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