1. NERVOUS SYSTEM Sydney Hirrschoff

2. NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION The nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Together, these organs control the body and are responsible for the communication among it’s parts. http://discoverykids.com/articles/your-nervous-system /

3. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Central nervous system  Made up of brain and spinal cord  “Control center” of the body  Responsible for memory, processing, and regulation systems  Uses sensory information to control the body and maintain homeostasis  Determines other functions that make up our personality and who we are https://www.healthtap.com/topics/vitamins-to-improve-central-nervous-system-function

4. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord Has 2 types of cells 1. sensory nervous cells- carries information to the central nervous system 2. motor nervous cells- carries information from the central nervous system https://askabiologist.asu.edu/parts-nervous-system

5. INTERACTION OF TWO NEURONS

6. SIMPLE REFLEX ARC

7. SIMPLE REFLEX ARC ELEMENTS A reflex arc defines the pathway by which a reflex travels, from the stimulus to sensory neuron to motor neuron to reflex muscle movement Elements  Receptor- triggers if stimulus is great enough to generate  Sensory neuron-converts external stimuli that comes from the environment into corresponding internal stimuli  Motor neuron- directly or indirectly controls muscles  Effector- what is effected by the stimuli Example of simple reflex arc in action: pulling your hand away from a hot stove

8. BRAIN PARTS DRAWING

9. FUNCTIONS OF MAJOR BRAIN PARTS Right hemisphere- controls left half of body, nonverbal skills, special perception Left hemisphere- controls right half of body, language, Diencephalon- contains the thalamus and hypothalamus, thus making it an important relay station for sensory information Brian stem- connects brain to spinal cord and passes messages between them through the medulla Cerebellum- controls balance and muscular coordination

10. HOW NERVE IMPULSES TRAVEL  Signals are transmitted from neuron to neuron via an action potential, when the axon membrane rapidly depolarizes and repolarizes. https://www.boundless.com/biology

11. KEY CONCEPTS OF HOW NERVE IMPULSES TRAVEL Membrane potential-the difference in electrical polarization or charge between two sides of a membrane or cell wall Resting potential- position where the neuron is inactive and polarized Na ⁺ - outside of the cell contains excess sodium ions K ⁺ - inside the of the cell contains excess potassium ions Action potential-a short term change in the electrical potential that travels along a cell Depolarization-a decrease in the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of the neuron Threshold- point in which a stimulus triggers a nerve impulse Refractory period- period where everything is put back to normal

12. ROLE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS Neurotransmitters are the chemicals in the brain that carry information to the whole body Neurotransmitters tell the heart to beat, stomach to digest, lungs to breathe Also controls emotions and feelings Transmit signals from a neuron across a synapse to a target cell. IPSP- inhibitory  Calm the brain and help create balance  Control mood EPSP- excitatory  Stimulate the brain  Overpower IPSP http://www.cbsnews.com/news/smart-parents-smart-kids /

13. ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE Progressive, neurodegenerative disease that occurs when nerve cells in the brain die Symptoms and signs: memory loss, confusion, change in personality, language deterioration, restlessness, disorientation of time and place, misplacing things Today it is considered the most common cause of dementia Over 5.3 million Americans have Alzheimer’s and most of those suffering are over 65 There are no known treatments yet, but physical and mental exercise can help slow the symptoms Progressive so will eventually lead to death

14. PARKINSON’S DISEASE Slowly progressing degenerative disease that results in the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells medical experts believe the symptoms are related to a chemical imbalance in the brain caused by brain- cell death Symptoms: trembling of body parts and face, postural instability, impaired balance and stability, stiffness of bones and joints, muscle rigidity About 60,000 Americans diagnosed per year and over 1 million will have Parkinson’s at any one time As of today there is no cure all for Parkinson’s Disease. Medicatons, surgery, exercise, physical therapy, and speech therapy may help with symptoms Chronic and progressive so will eventually lead to death

15. REFERENCE PAGE http://www.innerbody.com/image/nervov.html http://biology.about.com/od/organsystems/a/aa061804a.htm https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/the-peripheral-nervous-system-pns- 13/reflexes-136/components-of-a-reflex-arc-727-2295/https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/the-peripheral-nervous-system-pns- 13/reflexes-136/components-of-a-reflex-arc-727-2295/ http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n01/arquitet/hemisferios_i.htm http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/92/Brain.html https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-nervous-system-35/how-neurons-communicate- 200/nerve-impulse-transmission-within-a-neuron-action-potential-762-11995/https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-nervous-system-35/how-neurons-communicate- 200/nerve-impulse-transmission-within-a-neuron-action-potential-762-11995/ http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/understanding-the-transmission-of-nerve-impulses.html http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/membrane+potential https://www.neurogistics.com/TheScience/WhatareNeurotransmi09CE.asp http://uhealthsystem.com/health-library/neuro/disorder