1. Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior
Charles T. Blair-Broeker
Randal M. Ernst

2. The Biological Bases of Behavior
Chapter 03

3. Neural and Hormonal Systems
Module 07

4. Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System
Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems

5. The electrochemical communication system of the body
Nervous System
The electrochemical communication system of the body
Sends messages from the brain to the body for movement
Brings information to the brain from the senses

6. The basic building block of the nervous system -- a nerve cell
Neuron
The basic building block of the nervous system -- a nerve cell
Neurons perform three basic tasks
Receive information
Carry the information
Pass the information on to the next neuron

7. Neurons come in a variety of shapes, sizes, etc.
Neurons “fire” -- send an impulse down their length -- or they don’t “fire”
Neurons come in a variety of shapes, sizes, etc.

8. Parts of the Neuron

9. Parts of the Neuron - Dendrites

10. Parts of the Neuron - Soma

11. Parts of the Neuron - Axon

12. Parts of the Neuron – Myelin Sheath

13. Parts of the Neuron - Terminals

14. Neurons

15. Neuron

16. Neural Communication: The Neural Impulse
Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems

17. A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of the neuron.
Action Potential
A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of the neuron.
A neural impulse
Considered an “on” condition of the neuron

18. Once the refractory period is complete the neuron can fire again
The “recharging phase” when a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential
Once the refractory period is complete the neuron can fire again

19. The neuron is set and ready to fire
Resting Potential
The state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential
The neuron is set and ready to fire

23. All-or-None Principle
The principle that if a neuron fires it will always fire at the same intensity
All action potentials are of the same strength.
A neuron does NOT fire at 30%, 45% or 90% but at 100% each time it fires.

24. Communication Between Neurons
Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems

25. The action potential cannot jump the gap
Synapse
The tiny, fluid filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron
The action potential cannot jump the gap

26. Neurotransmitters
A chemical messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next
Can influence whether the second neuron will generate an action potential or not

27. Neurotransmitters

31. The second neuron is more likely to fire.
Excitatory Effect
A neurotransmitter effect that makes it more likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential (impulse)
The second neuron is more likely to fire.

32. The second neuron is less likely to fire.
Inhibitory Effect
A neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential (impulse)
The second neuron is less likely to fire.

33. Neural Communication: The Neural Chain
Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems

34. Receptor Cells
Specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials that the nervous system can process
Receptor cells in the eye turn light into a neural impulse the brain understands.

35. Nerves that carry information to the central nervous system
Sensory Nerves
Nerves that carry information to the central nervous system
Connect the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord

36. Interneurons
Nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information related to sensory input and motor output

37. Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system
Motor Nerves
Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system
Carries messages from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of your body

38. A Neural Chain

39. A Neural Chain

40. A Neural Chain

41. A Neural Chain

42. A Neural Chain

43. The Structure of the Nervous System
Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems

44. The Nervous System

45. Central Nervous System (CNS)
The brain and spinal cord
The brain is the location of most information processing.
The spinal cord is the main pathway to and from the brain.

46. Spinal Cord

47. Divisions of the Nervous System

48. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The sensory and motor nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Peripheral means “outer region”
The system is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

49. Divisions of the Nervous System

50. Somatic Nervous System
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles
Contains the motor nerves needed for the voluntary muscles

51. Divisions of the Nervous System

52. Autonomic Nervous System
The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs
Monitors the autonomic functions
Controls breathing, blood pressure, and digestive processes
Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

53. Divisions of the Nervous System

54. Sympathetic Nervous System
The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats
Fight or flight response

55. Divisions of the Nervous System

56. Parasympathetic Nervous System
The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body
Brings the body back down to a relaxed state

57. Divisions of the Nervous System

58. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

59. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

60. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

61. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

62. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

63. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

64. The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

65. Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems
The Endocrine System
Module 7: Neural and Hormonal Systems

66. One of the body’s two communication systems
Endocrine System
One of the body’s two communication systems
A set of glands that produce hormones-- chemical messengers that circulate in the blood

67. Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are also messengers
Hormone
Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands and circulated in the blood
Similar to neurotransmitters in that they are also messengers
Slower communication system, but with longer lasting effects

68. The endocrine system’s gland that controls the other endocrine glands
Pituitary Gland
The endocrine system’s gland that controls the other endocrine glands
Called the “master gland”
Located at the base of the brain and connects to the hypothalamus

69. Endocrine System

70. Endocrine gland that helps regulate the energy level in the body
Thyroid Gland
Endocrine gland that helps regulate the energy level in the body
Located in the neck

71. Endocrine System

72. Endocrine glands that help to arouse the body in times of stress
Adrenal Gland
Endocrine glands that help to arouse the body in times of stress
Located just above the kidneys
Release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

73. Endocrine System

74. Regulates the level of blood sugar in the blood
Pancreatic Gland
Regulates the level of blood sugar in the blood

75. Endocrine System

76. Testosterone – primary males hormone Estrogen – primary female hormone
Sex Glands
Ovaries (females) and testes (males) are the glands that influence emotion and physical development.
Testosterone – primary males hormone
Estrogen – primary female hormone
Males and females have both estrogen and testosterone in their systems.

77. Endocrine System

78. The End

79. Use this slide to add a concept to the presentation
Name of Concept
Use this slide to add a concept to the presentation

80. Name of Concept
Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished