1. Organization of the Body
Chapter 1

2. A. Overview of Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy – Structure of body parts and their relationship to each other
Concrete – Can be seen/felt/examined
Don’t have to imagine it
Physiology – Functions of the body

3. 3. Topics of Anatomy (pg 19) a. Gross (macroscopic) anatomy – visible b. Microscopic anatomy 1) Cytology – study of cells 2) Histology – study of tissues c. Developmental anatomy 4. Not really possible to separate anatomy from physiology

4. B. Levels of Organization
Simplest – chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules
Molecules form organelles
Cellular level
Cells have a common function
Cells can vary widely

6. 3. Tissue – groups of similar cells a
3. Tissue – groups of similar cells a. Epithelium – Covers the body surface and lines cavities b. Muscle – gives movement and posture c. Connective – supports and protects body organs d. Nervous – provides communication

7. 4. Organ – structure composed of at least 2 tissues that performs a function 5. Organ system – multiple organs working together 6. Organism – everything working together which provides life

8. C. Homeostasis Temperature
Ability to maintain stable internal conditions
Temperature
Chemical levels: glucose, K, Na, Cl, CO2, O2, pH, other ions
Blood pressure
Almost every organ helps (Nervous/endocrine systems)

9. 3. Receptors monitor environment and send signals to control center (feedback mechanisms) 4. Control center decides what to do 5. Effector carries out the action

10. D. Language of Anatomy
1. Anatomical Position – standing, feet slightly apart, palms outward

11. 2. Directional terms a. Superior – toward the head or upper part of structure b. Inferior – away from head or lower part of c. Ventral (anterior) – toward the front d. Dorsal (posterior) – toward back e. Medial – toward midline

12. f. Lateral – away from midline
g. Proximal – closer to the spot of attachment
on body trunk
h. Distal – farther from the spot of attachment on
body trunk
i. Deep – away from surface
Superficial – near surface
Central – near center of body or organ (CNS)
Peripheral – away from center of body or organ (PNS)

13. m. Axial – head, neck, and trunk n
m. Axial – head, neck, and trunk n. Appendicular – upper and lower limbs 3. Planes (pg 5) a. Saggital – divides body into left and right sides b. Frontal (coronal) – divides body into front and back parts c. Transverse – divides body into top and bottom

14. E. Body Cavities and Membranes
Dorsal body cavity
Protects the fragile nervous system organs
Made of cranial and spinal cavity
Cranial – protects brain
Spinal cavity – protects spinal cord
Are continuous
Ventral body cavity
a. Holds organs

15. b. Made up of thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavity 1) Thoracic – behind ribs, heart & lungs 2) Abdominal a) Diaphragm to iliac crest b) Holds s. & L. intestines, stomach, liver, spleen, and gallbladder 3) Pelvic a) Iliac crest to lower pelvis b) Reproductive organs & bladder

17. When you are in a car accident, why are your stomach, intestines, and spleen at a higher risk of being injured than your heart and lungs?

18. 3. Oral cavity – mouth 4. Nasal cavity – posterior to nose 5
3. Oral cavity – mouth 4. Nasal cavity – posterior to nose 5. Orbital cavities – house the eyes 6. Middle ear cavities – carved into skull

19. 7. Membranes a. Cranial and vertebral membranes – meninges b
7. Membranes a. Cranial and vertebral membranes – meninges b. Thoracic membrane 1) Lungs – Pleura a) Parietal pleura – connects to cavity wall b) Visceral pleura – connects to lung 2) Heart – Pericardium a) Parietal pericardium – outside membrane b) Visceral pleura – connects to heart

20. Membranes
Heart
Lung

21. c. Abdominal and Pelvic Membranes 1) Parietal peritoneum – cavity walls 2) Visceral peritoneum – encases organs

22. F. Abdominal Quadrants (pg 7)
Belly button is landmark
Upper left and right
Lower left and right

23. G. Systems of the body
Integumentary – covers body; glands, hair, nails
Skeletal – structure; bones
Muscular – movement; muscles, ligaments, tendons
Nervous – homeostasis and movement; brain, nerves, and 5 senses
Endocrine – hormones
Digestive – getting/transporting energy

24. 7. Respiratory – breathing 8
7. Respiratory – breathing 8. Circulatory (cardiovascular) – pumping blood and nutrients 9. Lymphatic – immune system 10. Urinary – get rid of waste and regulate water (kidneys/bladder) 11. Reproductive – produce offspring

25. H. Regions of the body Abdominal – b/w thorax and pelvis
Axillary – armpit
Brachial – upper arm
Buccal – cheek
Carpal – wrist
Cephalic – head
Cervical – neck
Costal - ribs

26. 9. Digital – finger 10. Dorsal – back 11. Femoral – thigh 12
9. Digital – finger 10. Dorsal – back 11. Femoral – thigh 12. Gluteal – buttocks 13. Lumbar – lower back b/w ribs and pelvis 14. Mental – chin 15. Occipital – lower back of head 16. Oral – mouth 17. Orbital – eye cavity

27. 18. Palmar – palm 19. Pectoral – chest 20. Pelvic – pelvis 21
18. Palmar – palm 19. Pectoral – chest 20. Pelvic – pelvis 21. Plantar – sole of foot 22. Sacral – posterior region b/w hipbones 23. Sternal – middle of thorax, anteriorly 24. Umbilical – the naval 25. Vertebral – spinal column

29. I. Disease Categories Acute Sudden onset Usually lasts short time
Chronic
Less severe
Lasts long time
Systemic – malfunction of major organ system