1. Land, Public and Private
Chapter 10

2. Human Activities Affecting Land and Environment
Extensive logging – mudslides
Deforestation – climate change
Paving – water runoff, “heat islands”
Overuse of farmland – soil degradation, water pollution

3. Tragedy of the Commons Land viewed as a common resource Garrett Hardin
a. Tragedy of the Commons
- shared, limited resource becomes depleted due
to people acting on self-interest for short-term
gain
More common when there’s no land use agreement or regulation
* As populations increased, common lands tend to become degraded through overgrazing, overharvesting and deforestation

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5. Result of negative externality
- can lead to serious environmental problems
- no one be held legally or financially responsible
Solution
- private ownership
- regulation
Externality – cost or benefit of a good or service that is not included in the purchase price of that good or service
Regulation – land can be managed effectively at a community level

6. Maximum Sustainable Yield (MYP)
a. maximum amount that can be harvested without
compromising the future availability of that resource
b. keeps the resource population at ~1/2 carrying
capacity of environment
c. permits an indefinite use without depletion of
resource
Varies case by case depending on carrying capacity of population as well as growth rate
Example: deering hunting not regulated compared to being prohibited
- intermediate hunting is ideal because it leaves enough deer to reproduce at a rate that willl maintain the population but not too many to where they have to compete for food
MSY – intermediate harvest

7. Public Land Use ~ 11% of Earth’s land area is protected
International Categories of Public Lands
a. National Parks
b. Managed Resource Protected Areas
c. Habitat/Species Management Areas
d. Strict Nature Reserves and Wilderness Areas
e. Protected Landscapes and Seascapes
f. National Monuments
Lands are classified according to how they are used.

8. b. managed for scientific, educational, and recreational use
National Parks
a. 3,400 in the world
b. managed for scientific, educational,
and recreational use
c. not used for extraction of resources
Exist to generate tourism and protect animal species
Negative: government have evicted some indigenous people from their homes

9. Managed Resource Protected Areas a. 4,100 sites
b. allows for sustained use of biological,
mineral and recreational uses
c. ex) national forests

10. Habitat/Species Management Areas a. 27,600 sites
b. actively managed to maintain
biological communities
c. done through predator prevention, etc.

11. Strict Nature Reserves and Wilderness Areas a. 6,000 sites
b. established to protect species and
ecosystems

12. Protected Landscapes and Seascapes a. 6,500 sites
b. nondestructive use of natural resources
with opportunities for tourism and
recreation
c. ex) orchards, beaches, etc

13. b. protect unique sites of natural and cultural interest
National Monuments
a. 20,000
b. protect unique sites of natural and
cultural interest

14. Public Land in the US Owned by federal, state, or local govnt’s
Federal is the largest (~25% of country)
Classification
a. include
- rangelands, national forests,
national parks, wildlife refuges, and
wilderness areas

15. a. used for recreation, grazing, timber, and mineral extraction
Multiple-Use Lands
a. used for recreation, grazing, timber,
and mineral extraction
Done in order to manage competing interests (done by the US government)
Other lands are designated as protected lands

16. a. Bureau of Land Management - grazing, mining, recreation, timber
Federal Agencies
a. Bureau of Land Management
- grazing, mining, recreation, timber
b. United States Forest Service
- timber, grazing, mining
c. National Park Service
- recreation and conservation
d. Fish and Wildlife Service
- wildlife conservation, hunting, recreation
The use of land determines how it is classified.
More than 95% of all federal lands are managed by four federal agencies.

17. Land Management Practices
Rangelands
a. dry, open grasslands
b. primarily used for cattle grazing
c. Grazing
1. benefit
- uses less fossil fuel then feedlots
2. consequence
- leaves land exposed to erosion
leaves land exposed to wind erosion making it difficult for soil to absorb and retain water

18. b. used for commercial logging - pulp and wood
Forests
a. dominated by trees
b. used for commercial logging
- pulp and wood
c. harvesting techniques
1. clear-cutting
- removing all trees in an area
- forests are replanted all at once
- steep slopes: loss of soil and nutrients
- increases sunlight reaching water
- replanting
* use of herbicides and fire
* reduces soil quality, contaminates water,
reduces biodiversity
Commercial logging companies are allowed to use these private lands due to exchange for a royalty (percentage of their revenues)
Federal government tends to spend more money on managing the timber program than what it receives in revenue
Clear-cutting
- easiest method
- replanted forests are composed of trees the same age
- steep slopes – increased wind and and water erosion, erosion adds silt and sediment to streams
- replace these areas with what is called tree plantations that are easily harvested in cycles because they grow quickly due to full sunlight

19. 2. selective-cutting - removes single tree among many - creates small openings - trees of different ages - shade-tolerant 3. Impacts of both types of harvesting - logging roads to carry equipment * destruction of habitats * compaction of soil  loss of nutrients and ability to infiltrate water
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20. d. Fire Management - natural process for nutrient cycling - provides openings for early-successional species - prescribed burn * fire set under controlled conditions
Build up of dead biomass on forest floor if fires do not happen therefore we do them under controlled settings
Best example: fire in yellowstone national park summer of 1988
Fires have created new nutrient rich habitats for species

21. National Parks
a. 58 in US
b. Goal
1. based on multiple-use principle
2. set aside to protect ecosystems
c. human activities
1. air and water pollution
2. lead to destruction of habitats

22. Wildlife Refuges and Wilderness Areas
a. protecting wildlife
b. limited human use and are roadless

23. Federal Regulation
a. National Environmental Policy Act
- assesses all projects
b. Environmental Impact Statement
- analyzes environmental impact
c. Environmental Mitigation Plan
- how will the impact be addressed
d. Endangered Species Act
- designed to protect species

24. Expanding Residential Land Use
Suburban v. Exurban
a. suburban
1. surrounds metropolitan areas
2. low population densities
b. exurban
1. unconnected to any central city

25. a. urbanized areas that have spread into rural areas
Urban Sprawl
a. urbanized areas that have spread into rural areas
b. removes clear boundaries between the two
c. causes
1. automobiles and highways
2. living costs
3. urban blight
4. government policies
- highway trust fund
- zoning
Has led to automobile dependence
Suburban areas use much more land than urban areas
Automobiles and highways
- we think nothing of having to drive to the city to work
Living costs
- you get more for your money in terms of housing when living in the suburbs compared to living in urban areas
- tax rates are lower in the suburbs as well
Urban blight
- as population shifts to the suburbs, the city’s revenue shrinks but maintaining the services remain the same
- jobs follow to the suburbs as the population shifts in that direction causing shops to shut down in the city (positive feedback loop)
Government policies
- highway trust fund – funded by gasoline tax and pays for maintenance of highways and roads; more highways means more driving and more gasoline purchases
- zoning – separates industry and businesses from residential areas resulting in quieter and safer communities
- multi-use zoning

26. a. strategies that encourage development of
Smart Growth
a. strategies that encourage development of
sustainable, healthy communities
1. 10 basic principles
- mixed land uses
- range of housing choices
- walkable neighborhoods
- collaboration in development decisions
- compact building design
- attractive communities with a sense of place
- preserve open space
- variety of transportation
- direct development towards existing
communities
- cost-effective decisions