1. Key Concepts Ch. 23  Human land use  Types and uses of US public lands  Forests and forest management  Implications of deforestation  Management of parks  Establishment and management of nature preserves  Importance of ecological restoration

2. Land Use in the World Fig. 23-2 p. 595

3. Land Use in the United States Fig. 23-3 p. 595 Rangeland and pasture 29%

4. Types of US Public Lands  Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands  Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges  Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System

5. US Public Lands Fig. 23-4 p. 596

6. Managing US Public Land  Biodiversity and ecological function  No subsidies or tax breaks for use  Public should get fair compensation  Users held responsible for actions  Takings and property rights

7. Managing and Sustaining Forests Ecological Importance of Forests  Food webs and energy flow  Water regulation  Local and regional climate  Numerous habitats and niches  Air purification

8. Managing and Sustaining Forests Economic Importance of Forests  Fuelwood (50% of global forest use)  Industrial timber and lumber  Pulp and paper  Medicines  Mineral extraction and recreation

9. Forest Structure Fig. 23-9 p. 601

10. Types of Forests  Old-growth (frontier) forests  Second-growth forests  Tree farms/plantation Fig. 23-18 p. 609

11. Forest Management  Even-aged management  Industrial forestry  Uneven-aged management  Improved diversity  Sustainable production  Multiple-use  Rotation cycle

12. Management Strategies Fig. 23-11 p. 601 Fig. 23-12 p. 602

13. Logging Roads  Increased erosion and runoff  Habitat fragmentation  Pathways for exotic species  Accessibility to humans Fig. 23-13 p. 602

14. Harvesting Trees  Selective cutting  High-grading  Shelterwood cutting  Seed-tree cutting  Clearcutting  Strip cutting Fig. 23-14 p. 603

15. Sustainable Forestry  Longer rotations  Selective or strip cutting  Minimize fragmentation  Improved road building techniques  Certified sustainable grown (See Solutions p. 598)

16. Pathogens Fungal Diseases Insect Pests  Bark beetles  Gypsy moth  Chestnut blight  Dutch elm disease

17. Fire  Surface fires  Crown fires Fig. 23-17 p. 607

18. Forest Resources and Management in the United States  Habitat for threatened and endangered species  Water purification services  Recreation  3% of timber harvest  Sustainable yield and multiple use  Substitutes for tree products

19. Tropical Deforestation  Rapid and increasing  Loss of biodiversity  Cultural extinction  Unsustainable agriculture and ranching  Clearing for cash crop plantations  Commercial logging  Fuelwood

20. Degradation of Tropical Forests Fig. 23-22 p. 615

21. Reducing Tropical Deforestation  Identification of critical ecosystems  Reducing poverty and population growth  Sustainable tropical agriculture  Encourage protection of large tracts  Debt-for-nature swaps  Less destructive harvesting methods

22. The Fuelwood Crisis  Planting fast-growing fuelwood plants  Burning wood more efficiently  Switching to other fuels Fig. 23-25 p. 618

23. Managing and Sustaining National Parks  Most parks are too small to maintain biodiversity  Invasion by exotic species  Popularity a major problem  Traffic jams and air pollution  Visitor impact (noise)  Natural regulation  Better pay for park staff

24. Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves  Include some moderate disturbance  Sustain natural ecological processes  Protect most important areas  Buffer zones  Gap analysis  Wilderness areas See Solutions p. 625

25. Ecological Restoration  Ecological restoration  Restoration ecology  Rehabilitation  Replacement  Creating artificial ecosystems  Natural restoration See Individuals Matter p. 630

26. Key Concepts Ch. 24  Economic and ecological importance  Effects of human activities  Protecting and sustaining aquatic diversity  Protecting and sustaining fisheries  Protecting and restoring wetlands

27. The Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity  Coral reefs  Estuaries  Deep ocean floor  Food items  Many chemicals  Medicines and drugs Fig. 24-2 p. 636

28. Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity  Species loss and endangerment  Marine habitat loss and degradation  Freshwater habitat loss and degradation  Overfishing  Nonnative species  Pollution and global warming

29. Protecting and Sustaining Marine Biodiversity  Protect endangered and threatened species  Establish protected areas  Integrated coastal management  Regulating and preventing ocean pollution  Sustainable management of marine fisheries

30. Managing and Sustaining the World’s Marine Fisheries  Fishery regulations  Economic approaches  Bycatch reduction  Protected areas  Nonnative species  Consumer information  Aquaculture See Spotlight p. 650

31. Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Wetlands  Regulations  Mitigation banking  Land use planning  Wetlands restoration  Control of invasive species See Individuals Matter p. 652 Fig. 24-12 p. 653

32. Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Lakes  Pollution  Invasive species  Water levels  Cultural eutrophication Fig. 24-13 p. 655

33. Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Rivers  Pollution  Disruption of water flow  Loss of biodiversity Fig. 24-14 p. 656  Invasive species