1. Lifespan Development Perspectives
Behavioural
Cognitive
Humanistic
Contextual
Evolutionary
Psychodynamic

2. Psychodynamic Approach
Structure of the mind − ego, superego, id − Freud (1923)
Freud (1949) genital stage
Erikson’s stages (1951) in adolescence and adulthood
John Bowlby (1969,1973,1980) − Attachment
(cited in Beckett and Taylor, 2010, pp )
Adults, Adolescents and Attachment (Beckett and Taylor, 2010, pp )
Maccoby and Martin (1983) − consequences of parenting styles
(cited in Beckett and Taylor, 2010, p ; Bee and Boyd, 2013, pp )
Criticism
Bee, H. & Boyd, D. (2013) The Developing Child. 13thedn. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

3. Cognitive Perspective
Jean Piaget − the stage of formal operations
Criticism of Piaget’s theory
(Beckett and Taylor, 2010, pp )
The Adolescent Brain
(Spear, 2000, cited in Passer and Smith, 2009, p. 435)
The Adult Brain (Passer and Smith, 2009, p. 436)
Biological and cognitive changes in the old age
(Beckett and Taylor, 2010, p. 180; Gross, 2010, p. 612 )
Passer, M. W. and Smith, R. E. (2009) The Science of Mind and Behavior. McGraw-Hill.
Gross, R. (2010) The Science of Mind and Behavior. Abingdon: Hodder Education.

4. Contextual Perspective
Bronfenbrenner (1994) − model of ecological environment:
Microsystems
Mesosystem
Exosystems
Macrosystems
Chronosystems
(International Encyclopedia of Education, pp )
Interaction with the world
Transition and change of roles
Role expectations
Stereotyping/Labelling
Levinson (1978); Erikson (1951) − transitions/adolescence role confusion
(Beckett and Taylor, 2010, p , pp )
Criticism

5. References
Beckett, C. and Taylor, T. (2010) Human Growth and Development, London: Sage Bowlby, J. (1997) Attachment (first published in 1969). London: Pimlico. Bowlby, J. (1998) Separation (first published in 1969). London: Pimlico. Bowlby, J. (1999) Loss (first published in 1969). London: Pimlico. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. In International Encyclopedia of Education, Vol. 3, 2nd. Ed. Oxford: Elsevier. Reprinted in: Gauvain, M. & Cole, M. (Eds.), Readings on the development of children, 2nd Ed. (1993, pp ). NY: Freeman. Erikson, E. (1995 [1951]) Childhood and Society. London: Vintage. Freud, S. (1961[1923]) The Ego and the Id, standard edn, Vol. 19. London: Hogarth Press. Freud, S. (2003 [1949]) An Outline of Psychoanalysis. London: Penguin. Levinson, D. (1978) The Seasons of a Man's Life, New York: Ballantine. Maccoby, E. E. and Martin J. A. (1983) Socialization in the context of the family: parent–child interaction. In: Mussen P. and Hetherington E. M. (eds), Handbook of Child Psychology, Vol. IV: Socialization, Personality, and Social Development, 4th edn. New York: Wiley, pp. 1–101. Spear, L. (2000) ‘The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations’, Neuroscience and Behavioral reviews 24 (4) :