1. Prof .elham Aljammas MAY/2015 L9
Motivation
Prof .elham Aljammas
MAY/2015 L9

2. What is motivation?
Coming from the Greek word “movere,” which means to move, motivation involves the question of why people behave, think and feel the way they do.

3. Motivational Moderators
Influence the impact of motivation on behavior
Moderator
Motivation
Behavior

4. Blocked by barrier like obstacles Deficiency Frustration
Motive
Desired goal
Blocked by barrier like obstacles
Deficiency
Restriction by society custom
Frustration
Immediate consequence remote consequences
(defense mechanism)

6. What is motivation?
Motivation is having the desire and willingness to do something (e.g. becoming a professional; learning how to ride a bike)

7. What are the characteristics of a motivated behavior?
Energized to do or engage in an activity;
Directed towards reaching a specific goal;
Sustained and intensified feelings about reaching that goal.

8. What are the kinds of motives?
Basic or Primary Motives
Need to adjust to temperature
Need to quench thirst
Need to satisfy hunger
Avoidance of pain
Need for sensory stimulation
Need for sex
Acquired or Secondary
Need to belong
Need for love
Need for achievement
Need to be nurtured
Need for safety

9. Theories of Motivation

10. The Biological Influences

11. I. INSTINCT THEORY
William McDougall (1908): Humans are motivated by a number of different instincts (e.g. curiosity, self-assertion).
Instincts—are innate tendencies or biological forces that determine behavior; they are assumed to be universal throughout species.

12. Instincts are now redefined as fixed action pattern—an innate biological force that predisposes an organism to behave in a fixed way in the presence of a specific environmental condition

13. II. DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY
Key Components:
Need—a biological state in which the organism lacks something essential for survival (e.g. food, water, oxygen); a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.
Drive—a state of tension produced by need that motivates the organism to act to reduce that tension.

14. Why would the organism want to reduce the tension?
To go back to a state of homeostasis—once the need is satisfied, the body returns to a more balanced state or equilibrium.

15. DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY:
A need results in a drive, which is a state of tension, that motivates the organism to act to reduce the tension and return the body to homeostasis.

16. Socio-Cultural Influences
The Behavioral and
Socio-Cultural Influences

17. III. INCENTIVE THEORY
Incentives—are environmental factors, such as external stimuli, reinforcers or rewards, that motivate our behavior.
Examples: grades, recognition, money, fame

18. Because incentives are external, they are thought of as pulling us to obtain them; whereas drives are internal, they are thought of as pushing us to obtain them. Hence, incentives and drives are the pull and push of our behavior.

19. The Cognitive Influences

20. IV. COGNITIVE THEORY
Extrinsic motivation—involves engaging in certain behaviors or activities because of incentives or external rewards

21. Intrinsic motivation—involves engaging in certain behaviors or activities because the behaviors themselves are personally rewarding or because engaging in these activities fulfills our beliefs or expectations.

22. In summary:
The theory of fixed action patterns (instinct) explains the behavior of animals.
The drive-reduction theory (a pushing forced) explains our actions to meet biological or physiological needs.
The incentive theory (a pulling force) explains why we do things to obtain external rewards.
The cognitive theory explains that we do things to satisfy personal beliefs or meet personal goals.

23. The Humanistic Approach

24. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow believed that our needs are arranged in a hierarchy.
We satisfy our biological needs first before we turn our attention and energy to fulfilling personal and social needs.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is represented by a pyramid and shows the order in satisfying biological and social needs.

25. Two Kinds of Needs:
Biological needs—are physiological requirements that are critical to our survival and physical well-being.
Examples: food, water, oxygen, sleep, avoidance of pain and sex
Social needs—are needs that are acquired through learning and experience.
Examples: affiliation, nurturance, play, dominance, achievement

26. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

27. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Higher Order Needs
Lower Order Needs

28. Level 1. Physiological needs
Physiological needs—includes food, water, sleep, sex, etc. necessary for basic survival.
Examples: People who are homeless would be especially concerned with satisfying their physiological needs.

29. Level 2. Safety and security needs
Safety and security needs—the need for protection from harm.
Examples: People who live in dangerous communities will be concerned about satisfying their safety needs.

30. Level 3. Love and belongingness needs
Love and belongingness needs—the need for affiliation and acceptance by others.
Examples: Adolescents and young adults who are beginning to form serious relationships would be interested in satisfying their need for love and belongingness.

31. Level 4. Esteem needs
Esteem needs—the need for achievement, competency, gaining approval and recognition.
Examples: During early and middle adulthood, people are concerned with achieving their goals and establishing their careers.

32. Level 5. Self-actualization needs
Self-actualization needs—the need to fulfill one’s unique potential as a human being; this is the highest and most elusive kind of need and because it is difficult and challenging, only a few individuals are able to reach this level.

33. REFLECTION: What motivates me most?
Write a short reflection paper on the things that motivate you most:
To achieve
To love
To go on with your life
Rank the following list of values in terms of how important are they as your guiding principles :
A comfortable life —An exciting life
A sense of accomplishment —A world at peace
A world of beauty —Equality
Family security —Freedom
Happiness —Inner harmony
Mature love —National security
Pleasure —Salvation
Self-respect —Social recognition
True friendship —Wisdom