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11 The Civil War What do you know?
CHAPTER 11 The Civil War HOME “Whatever may be the result of the contest, I foresee that the country will have to pass through a terrible ordeal for our national sins.” General Robert E. Lee What do you know? • What do you already know about the Civil War? Why did Americans choose sides and fight one another? Read the quote above and answer the following: • What is Lee’s vision of events to follow? • What do you think he considers to be “our national sins”?
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11 Time Line The United States
CHAPTER 11 Time Line HOME The United States April 1861 Fort Sumter is taken by Confederates. July 1861 Union loses at Bull Run. April 1862 Union avoids defeat at Shiloh. September 1862 Antietam results in huge casualties Lincoln issues the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. January 1863 The Emancipation Proclamation takes effect. July 1863 The Union wins at Gettysburg and Vicksburg. 1865 Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Lincoln is assassinated.
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Confederates fire on Fort Sumter
The Civil War Begins Confederates fire on Fort Sumter This signals the start of the Civil War Fort Sumter was one of two Southern forts that remained in Union hands by Lincoln’s inauguration
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Lincoln’s Dilemma If Lincoln orders the Navy to attack Fort Sumter than he risks losing the slave states still in the Union If he evacuates Fort Sumter than he is treating the Confederacy as a legitimate nation Lincoln decides to do neither…he merely “sends in food for hungry men”…this leaves the decision with Jefferson Davis Davis choices war. On April 12, 1861
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Virginia Secedes Lincoln calls for volunteer troops in the Union…the response is overwhelming Upper Southern states that remained in the Union did not favor Lincoln’s call for troops Virginia unwilling to fight against other Southern states decide to join the Confederacy Most heavily populated and industrialized state in the South Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina follow Virginia…total number of states now at 11 Four border slave states remain in Union: Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri…however many of their citizens fought for the Confederacy
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Union and Confederate Strengths
Fighting power, more factories, greater food production, extensive railroad system Lincoln’s leadership Confederacy “King Cotton”, Generals, military tradition, motivated soldiers to defend homeland and way of life
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Military Strategies Union: Anaconda Plan
Navy to blockade Sothern ports so they could neither export cotton or import manufactured goods Riverboats and armies move down the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy in two Capture the Capital at Richmond, Virginia Confederate Main Goal was survival therefore mostly a defensive strategy Would attack and invade the North if the opportunity presented itself
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Bull Run First major battle occurred at Bull Run Creek only 25 miles from Washington D.C. General McDowell led the Union troops General (Stonewall) Jackson led the Confederate troops General Jackson got his nickname of Stonewall because he stood firm even though it looked like the Union troops were going to overtake his Confederate troops…Jackson’s men held strong until reinforcements came and the South won the first major battle of the war The South did not advance to Washington D.C. Southerners thought they had won the war…some even left the army and went home
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Union Armies in the West
After the defeat at Bull Run Lincoln called for 1 million men to serve for three years General George McClellan was appointed to lead this new army of men McClellan and his men soon become known as the Army of the Potomac General Ulysses S. Grant captured two Confederate forts: Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, that held vital strategic positions on important rivers Grant told the Southern generals in command that “no terms except unconditional and immediate surrender” would be accepted
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Shiloh March of 1862 Grant and his men suffer to a surprise attack near a small Tennessee church named Shiloh Grant regroups his men and counterattacks The Confederate forces retreat Shiloh ended up being a draw…however it demonstrated how bloody the war had become and would be…1/4 of the 100,000 soldiers were either killed, wounded, or captured Biggest impact is that the Confederates failed to hold on to Ohio-Kentucky frontier…Union’s drive to take the Mississippi and split the confederacy was working
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Farragut on the Lower Mississippi
While Grant pushed East toward the Mississippi David Farragut assignment was to seize New Orleans, the Confederacy’s largest city and busiest port After five days of battle Farragut overtook New Orleans
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A Revolution in Warfare
Ironclad ships: new type of war machine that could splinter wooden ships, withstand cannon fire, and resist burning The first was the Merrimack (or Virginia) for the South The Monitor was the first for the North Minie ball: a soft lead bullet that was more destructive than earlier bullets
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Civil War Weaponry
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The War for the Capitals
McClellan was very slow and cautious Robert E. Lee was a general for the South Declined an offer to be the General of the Union Army because he could not go against his beloved state of Virginia Determined to save Richmond, Virginia Lee moved against McClellan McClellan and Lee were very different Seven Day’s Battle Lee and McClellan fought for Richmond Confederates had less soldiers and more casualties however Lee’s resilience managed to get McClellan to retreat
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The War for the Capitals Cont…
Antietam: The bloodiest battle in American history A union corporal stumbled upon Lee’s and Jackson’s plan…which had the two generals and their armies split at the time McClellan attacked Lee beside a sluggish creek called Antietam Casualties totaled more than 26,000 McClellan fails to pursue Lee and force him to surrender Because of this Lincoln fired McClellan
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Section 2: The Politics of War
Britain Remains Neutral -No longer dependent on South for Cotton b/c of new sources in Egypt and India The Trent Affair Two Confederate diplomats: James Mason and John Slidell traveled on a British merchant ship called the Trent to try to gain British support Captain Charles Wilkes of the American warship San Jacinto stopped the Trent and arrested the two men Britain threatened war and sent 8000 troops to Canada Lincoln freed the prisoners and maintain peace CIVI WAR CIL WAR
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Proclaiming Emancipation
Lincoln’s view of slavery Lincoln finds a constitutional way to end slavery He could order the Union army to seize Confederate supplies, therefore he could also authorize the army to emancipate slaves Emancipations was strong in Britain therefore Lincoln could use it as a means to keep Britain from siding with the South
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Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863
Only applied to Southern states that had already seceded from the Union Allowed free blacks to enlist in the Union army
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Both Sides Face Political Problems
Habeas Corpus: a court order that requires authorities to bring a person held in jail before the court to determine why he or she is being jailed Lincoln suspends habeas corpus on more than occasions Lincoln’s actions expanded presidential powers to meet the crises of wartime
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Conscription Conscription: a draft that would force certain members of the population to serve in the army Confederate: white men between ages of (limit changes to after major losses) -Could hire a substitute for a fee -Planter who had 20 or more slaves were exempt -”rich’s man war but a poor man’s fight” -90% of eligible men served in Confederate army -Union: white men between ages 20-45 -Could hire a substitute or pay commutation: pay $300 fee to avoid conscription altogether -92% of Union army was volunteers (180,000 were African American)
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Draft Riots New York City 1863
Poor white workers-especially Irish immigrants found it unfair to fight a war to free slaves…feared losing jobs to slaves For four days (July 13-16) 100 people died
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3 Life During Wartime Learn About
SECTION 3 Life During Wartime HOME Learn About the wartime experiences of civilians, soldiers, and African Americans. To Understand the social and economic changes created by the Civil War.
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Section 3: Life During Wartime
Economics in the South Inflation: sharp increase in the cost of living $400 before the war was now only worth a dollar or two compared to prewar currency Economy caused a change in life for many Southerners
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African Americans Fight for Freedom
At the start of the war no blacks were allowed to fight on either side Not until Emancipation Proclamation that large-scale enlistments occurred African Americans only made up 1% of North population but 10% of the Union army Alexander T. Augustana: attained the rank of Lieutenant Colonel White privates earned $13 a month plus $3.50 clothing allowance Black privates earned $10 a month with no clothing allowance
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African Americans Fight for Freedom cont…
Mortality rate for African Americans was higher than white soldiers African Americans were assigned to labor duty were they were likely to catch a deadly disease Confederacy would not treat captured African Americans as prisoners of war…would execute them or return them to slavery Slave resistance in the Confederacy Slaves would sabotage plantations Slaves would join the Union army as they got close
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The War Affects Regional Economies
The War expanded the North’s economy while shattering the South’s Three factors contribute to food shortage in the South The drain of manpower into the army The Union occupation of food growing areas The loss of slaves to work in the fields Union blockade of Southern ports created shortages of salt, sugar, coffee, nails, needles, and medicines
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Northern Economic Growth
Most industries boom Army’s need for uniforms, shoes, guns, and other supplies Wheat farmers bought reapers Down side to economic boom Wages did not keep up with prices Many businesses made huge profits Especially those with Government contracts because they cheated Supplied uniforms and blankets that were “shoddy” Spoiled meat that they claimed to be fresh Charged double for guns Income Tax: a tax that takes a specified percentage of an individual's income
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Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
Lives on the Lines Almost no garbage disposal or latrines Union troops ate beans, bacon, and hardtack: square biscuits that were supposedly hard enough to stop a bullet Southern troops ate Cush: a stew of small cubes of beef and crumbled cornbread mixed with bacon grease, fresh vegetables were hardly ever available
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Civil War Medicine Federal government set up the United States Sanitary Commission Task was two fold: to improve the hygienic condition of army camps and to recruit and train nurses Dorothea Dix became the first superintendent of women nurses Clara Barton: “angel of the battlefield” Confederacy did not have a Sanitary Commission…only Volunteers Sally Thompson performed so well that she was commissioned as a captain
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Prisons Andersonville: Confederate prison in Georgia that contained 33,000 No shelter from sun or rain Drink from same stream that served as their sewer 1/3 of prisoners died Henry Wirz: camp commander North executed as a war criminal Prisons were overcrowded because North halted prisoner exchange when the South refused to return African American soldiers North’s camps were not much better No heat so many died of pneumonia 15% of Southern prisoners died, 12% of Northern prisoners died
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3 Life During Wartime 33 Section Assessment
HOME Section 33 Assessment What economic changes occurred in the North and South as a result of the Civil War? SUMMARIZING NORTH SOUTH ECONOMIC CHANGES expansion of many industries rampant inflation increase in labor-saving machines decline of the plantation system lower wages for white male industrial workers shortage of food and other items decline in standard of living more employment opportunities for women more employment opportunities for women
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4 The North Takes Charge Key Idea
SECTION 4 The North Takes Charge HOME Key Idea Key victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg help the Union wear down the Confederacy and win the war.
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Section 4: The North Takes Charge
Gettysburg: July 3, 1863 a three day battle. South had been winning the war Crippled the South and Lee so badly that they never invaded the North again Prelude to Gettysburg Lee outmaneuvers General Hooker and the Union army for a victory at Chancellorsville Stonewall Jackson is shot by his own men…loses his left arm and dies of pneumonia 8 days later Lee pushes his army into the North
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Gettysburg Day One: Confederates led by Lee and Hill…Union led by Meade and Buford Confederates take control of town but Union takes control of hills and ridges surrounding the town Both sides call for reinforcements
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Gettysburg Day Two: 90,000 Union troops, 75,000 Confederate troops
Little Round Top: A hill that overlooked much of the southern portion of the battlefield Lee ordered General Longstreet to attack A risky bayonet charge wins the battle for Chamberlain and his men Day Three: Lee orders Longstreet and Pickett to continue attacking the middle of the Union forces (this becomes known as Pickett’s charge) The Union troops are able to hold
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Gettysburg The three day battle produced staggering losses
Total casualties more than 30% Union 23,000 killed or wounded Confederate 28,000 killed or wounded Lee no longer able to attack. Chased in South for 2 more years.
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Grant Wins at Vicksburg
Vicksburg, Mississippi: was one of only two confederate holdouts preventing the Union from taking complete control of the Mississippi River Grant shelled the city for hours at a time day after day. Residents were forced to take shelter in caves Food supply ran so low that people ate dogs and mules Finally soldiers said “If you can’t feed us, you’d better surrender.” The surrender at Vicksburg took place one day after the Confederates lost Gettysburg
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The Gettysburg Address
President Lincoln: November 1863 gave a speech at Gettysburg to remember the soldiers Speech lasted two minutes…very powerful words
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The Confederacy Wears Down
Only hope was to prolong the war and hope for an armistice: a cease-fire agreement based on mutual consent rather than surrender Jefferson Davis unable to govern b/c of states looking out for themselves
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Grant appoints Sherman
1864 Lincoln appoints Grant as commander of all Union armies Grant appoints William Sherman as commander of the military division of the Mississippi Both men believed in total war Grant and Lee in Virginia Grant wanted to immobilize Lee Grant completes mission but loses twice as many soldiers as did Lee Sherman destroys Georgia, Virginia, & South Carolina
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Election of 1864 Lincoln: Running mate Andrew Johnson
George McClellan: Democrats Lincoln wins but looked like he wouldn’t until war turned to the North’s advantage Absentee ballots from Union soldiers
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Surrender at Appomattox
April 2nd Jefferson Davis and his government abandoned their capital and set it on fire to keep Northerners from taking it Lee and Grant met on April 9, 1865 in a Virginia village building Appomattox Court House Lincoln made sure terms were generous After four years the Civil War was over
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4 The North Takes Charge 4 Section Assessment
HOME Section 4 Assessment What were some of the major battles and political events relating to the final two years of the Civil War? SUMMARIZING May South defeats North at Chancellorsville. November Lincoln delivers Gettysburg Address. September 1864 Sherman takes Atlanta. July North defeats South at Gettysburg and Vicksburg. March Lincoln appoints Grant commander of Union armies. April Lee surrenders at Appomattox.
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4 The North Takes Charge 4 Section Assessment
HOME Section 4 Assessment Grant and Sherman presented a logical rationale for using the strategy of total war. Did the end—defeating the Confederacy—justify the means—causing harm to civilians? ANALYZING ISSUES their reasons for targeting the civilian population Sherman’s quoted remarks on page 336 THINK ABOUT
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4 The North Takes Charge 4 Section Assessment
HOME Section 4 Assessment Is a general’s win-loss record on the battlefield the best gauge of measuring his greatness as a military leader? Why or why not? EVALUATING Grant’s campaign in Virginia, Sherman’s march to Atlanta, and Lee’s surrender Democrats’ and Northern newspapers’ criticism of Grant the criteria you would use to evaluate a military leader THINK ABOUT
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5 The Legacy of the War Learn About
SECTION 5 The Legacy of the War HOME Learn About the economic, political, military, and social consequences of the Civil War. To Understand why historians consider the Civil War a crucial turning point in U.S. history.
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5 The Legacy of the War Key Idea
SECTION 5 The Legacy of the War HOME Key Idea The Civil War settles long-standing disputes over states’ rights and slavery. Other Key Ideas Chart on Page 367 Thirteenth Amendment Assassination of Lincoln
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The War Changes the Nation
Political Changes: Power of the Federal Govt. increased dramatically Income taxes, conscription, new nation wide paper currency Economical Change: Strengthen banking system National Bank Act 1863: set up a system of federally chartered banks, set requirements for loans, and provided for banks to be inspected Created a huge national war debt Chart on Page 367
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The War Changes Lives Emancipation Proclamation-only freed slaves in Southern states Boarder states still have slavery 13th Amendment: ended slavery in the US Clara Barton Helped found the American Red Cross in 1881
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Lincoln’s Assassination
April 14, 1865 (5 days after Lee surrendered) John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln in the back of the head at Ford’s Theatre in Washington Booth jumped off the stage-broke his leg-but still managed to get away 12 days later Booth Union cavalry trapped him in a Virginia Tabaco barn and set it on fire
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CONSEQUENCES OF THE CIVIL WAR
SECTION 5 The Legacy of the War HOME Section 5 Assessment What were the political, economic, technological, and social consequences of the Civil War? SUMMARIZING POLITICAL: freed enslaved people; ended secession threat; increased federal government’s power ECONOMIC: strengthened banking system; stimulated economic growth of the North and contributed to the economic decline of the South; created sizable war debt CONSEQUENCES OF THE CIVIL WAR TECHNOLOGICAL: heightened importance of weaponry in warfare; led to new military strategies, such as trench warfare SOCIAL: disrupted families because of staggering loss of lives; many disabled veterans
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5 The Legacy of the War 5 Section Assessment
HOME Section 5 Assessment What political and social issues from the Civil War era do you think are still issues today? ANALYZING ISSUES the Thirteenth Amendment the changing role of the federal government during and after the Civil War the new weapons used to fight the war THINK ABOUT
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5 The Legacy of the War 5 Section Assessment
HOME Section 5 Assessment Imagine that you are a member of a group of Southern leaders who must rebuild the South after the war. What would you recommend that the government do to help the South? HYPOTHESIZING the economic devastation of the South the human costs of the war the numbers of newly freed slaves THINK ABOUT
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11 Chapter Assessment HOME 1. What were the military strategies of the North and South at the onset of the Civil War? 2. What advantages did the North have over the South? What advantages did the South have over the North? 3. How did each of these groups—slaves, free-born African Americans, Democrats, Union soldiers, and the Confederacy—react to the Emancipation Proclamation? 4. What precedent in governing the nation did Lincoln set for future wartime presidents? 5. What acts of protest or resistance occurred in both the North and the South because of economic and social changes during the war?
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11 Chapter Assessment HOME 6. Briefly describe the war crimes committed against prisoners at Fort Pillow and Andersonville. 7. Cite events that illustrate the South’s deteriorating morale after defeats at Gettysburg and Vicksburg. 8. What was Grant and Sherman’s rationale for using the strategy of total war? 9. How did the Civil War provide the economic foundation for the United States to become an industrial giant? 10. Give examples of new military machinery and technological improvements in weapons used during the Civil War.
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