1. Social Movements of the 1960’s
Women, Latinos, Asian-Americans, Native Americans, and the Environmental Movements

2. Women
Fight
For
Equality

3. “The problem lay buried, unspoken….It was a
strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a
yearning that women suffered in the middle of
the twentieth century in the United States. Each
suburban wife struggled with it alone. As she
made the beds, shopped for groceries, matched
slipcover material, ate peanut butter sandwiches
with her children, chauffeured Cub Scouts and
Brownies, lay beside her husband at night- she
was afraid to ask even of herself the silent
question- ‘Is this all?’” - The Feminine Mystique

4. Betty Friedan

5. Feminism The theory behind the women’s movement
of the 1960’s was feminism, the belief that
women should have economic, political, and
social equality with men.

6. In 1950, only one out of three women worked
for wages. By 1960, that number had increased
to about 40%. Still, during this time, certain
jobs were considered “men’s work” and women
were shut out.

7. NOW The National Organization for Women (NOW)
was created in NOW members pushed for:
Child care facilities that would enable mothers
to pursue jobs and education.
2. Ban on gender discrimination in hiring.

8. Gloria Steinem In 1971, Steinem helped found the National Women’s
Political Caucus, a
moderate group that
encouraged women to
seek political office. In 1972, she and other
women created a new women’s magazine, Ms.,
designed to treat contemporary issues from a
feminist perspective.

9. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
Title IX, is a United States law enacted in that states: "No person in the United States shall on the basis of sex, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."[

10. Roe v. Wade One of the more controversial positions that
NOW and other feminist groups supported was a
woman’s right to have an abortion. In 1973, the
Supreme Court ruled in Roe v. Wade that women
do have the right to choose an abortion during
the first three months of pregnancy.

11. ERA In 1972, Congress passed the Equal Rights
Amendment (ERA). The amendment then
needed ratification by 38 states to become part
of the Constitution. The ERA would guarantee
that both men and women would enjoy the same
rights and protections under the law. It failed to get enough votes by its deadline, so it was not made law.

12. Stop-ERA Campaign
Conservative Phyllis Schlafly, along with conservative
religious groups, political organizations, and many anti-
feminists felt that the ERA would lead to “a parade of
horribles,” such as the drafting of women, the end of laws
protecting homemakers, the end of the husband’s
responsibility to provide for his family, and same-sex
marriages. Schlafly said that radical feminists “hate men,
marriage, and children” and were oppressed “only in
their distorted minds.”

13. Phyllis Schlafly

14. The Movement’s Legacy The Movement transformed
women’s conventional roles
and their attitudes toward
career and family. Most of all,
the movement helped count-
less women open their lives
to new possibilities. “For we
have lived the second American
revolution,” wrote Betty
Friedan in 1976, “and our very
anger said a ‘new YES’ to life.”

15. Ethnic Minorities Seek Equality
Latinos
Asian-Americans
Native Americans

16. Latinos Latino population was growing quickly
Family origins in Latin America
Also known as Chicanos in 1960’s-1970’s
Had been seen as outsiders and denied employment, education, and housing
Large numbers of Latinos and Chicanos began to organize themselves into powerful political groups

17. Civil Rights for Latinos
The Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, one of the least studied social movements of the 1960s, encompassed a broad cross section of issues—from restoration of land grants, to farm workers rights, to enhanced education, to voting and political rights.
Also known as the Chicano Movement addressed negative stereotyping of Mexicans in mass media and the American consciousness through the creation of works of literary and visual art that validated the Mexican-American ethnicity and culture.

18. Important Milestones
The Bracero Program, created under a joint U.S.- Mexico agreement in 1942, permits Mexican nationals to work in U.S. agricultural areas on a temporary basis and at wages lower than domestic workers
The Bracero Program is terminated in 1963.
In 1968, the U.S. Congress designated "National Hispanic Week" in mid-September, to coincide with the Independence Day celebrations in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua on September 15, and with Mexico's Independence Day on September 16. In 1988, Congress expanded the commemoration, appointing the month running from Sept. 15 to Oct. 15 as "National Hispanic Month."

19. Important Court Case
1974: In Lau v. Nichols, the Supreme Court rules that, under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, school districts are required to provide assistance to LEP (limited-English-proficient) students that ensure that they receive the same opportunities as fluent English students

20. Cesar Chavez Founder of United Farm Workers (UFW)
Was a migrant worker from Arizona; his family was among the first to strike for equal rights and pay in the fields
Organized Mexican field hands against powerful grape and lettuce farmers

21. Chavez and Grape Boycott
Striking farm workers and supporters begin a national boycott of California table grapes in1967
In 1968 Cesar Chavez fasts in Delano for 25 days.
He is joined by Sen. Robert Kennedy at the end of the fast. The UFW campaigns for Robert Kennedy in the California primary
Resulted in a California law that required collective bargaining for migrant workers

22. Asian Americans
Have faced discrimination since their arrival in the U.S.
The prejudice reached a peak in the 1940’s (Internment camps)
Most were well-educated by 1960’s, yet still earned less and found less jobs available in management
This began to change by 1970’s
The new state of Hawaii sent several Asian- Americans to Congress changing stereotypes

23. Immigration from Asia
The most significant change in immigration from Asia occurred when highly restrictive "national origins" quotas were lifted in 1965.
The new country-specific quotas enabled significant immigration from every country in Asia, which led to dramatic and ongoing changes in the Asian American population in the U.S.

24. Native Americans
By 1871, Native American tribes were not recognized as independent powers
However Native Americans were not considered US citizens, either!
After 1924, Native Americans who had been born in the U.S. were granted citizenship
However, it wasn’t until 1948 that all were given the right to vote
Old stereotypes vanished slowly

25. Native Americans and Discrimination
Native Americans suffer from many of the same social and economic problems as other victims of long-term bias and discrimination - including, for example, disproportionately high rates of poverty, infant mortality, unemployment, and low high school completion rates.
The struggle for equal employment and educational opportunity is key to addressing these problems

26. Discrimination Against Native Americans
American Indians faced discrimination similar to the segregation that as African Americans experienced
In some states you could find three separate drinking fountains labeled "whites," "Colored" and "Indian."
There were also three sections in some movie theaters.

27. The American Indian Movement (AIM)
The native civil rights movement began with the founding of the American Indian Movement (AIM) in 1968.
AIM began as a rallying group for the rights of Indians living in urban areas, and initiated a series of protests and confrontations that continued into the 1970s

28. The American Indian Movement (AIM)
“Everything is tied to our homeland”
Indian land claims included:
Seneca Nation in New York
Seminole Nation in Florida
Fight for autonomy (self-government) on Indian Reservations

29. Violence in the Movement
Members of AIM briefly took over the headquarters of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C.
They complained that the government had created the tribal councils on reservations in 1934 as a way of perpetuating paternalistic control over Native American development.

30. Issues of the Movement
During the Summer of 1968, two hundred members of the Indian community came together to discuss various issues and critical developments within the Native American community. Amongst them were --
 Police Brutality
 Slum Housing
 80% unemployment rate
Disgraceful if not shameful practices of the Minneapolis public school system and its lack of concern regarding Indian education.
Racist and discriminatory policies of the Hennepin County welfare system toward Native American clients.
Questionable behavior of federal government in its regard to Native policies

31. The Occupation of Alcatraz in 1969
Several Native American groups claimed the former prison
The occupiers held the island for nearly eighteen months, from Nov. 20, 1969, until June 11, 1971, reclaiming it as Indian land and demanding fairness and respect for Indian peoples. The occupiers held the island for nearly eighteen months, from Nov. 20, 1969, until June 11, 1971, reclaiming it as Indian land and demanding fairness and respect for Indian peoples.
The protest failed and federal officials removed the protestors in 1970

33. The Confrontation at Wounded Knee
In 1973, about 200 Sioux, led by members of AIM, seized the tiny village of Wounded Knee, South Dakota the site of the last great massacre of Native Americans by the U.S. cavalry (1890).
Among AIM’s demands was a review of more than 300 treaties between the Native Americans and the federal government that AIM alleged were broken.
Wounded Knee was occupied for 70 days before the militants surrendered.
Two AIM members were killed and a dozen people were hurt including federal marshals
AIM leadership were jailed for the protest and violence.

34. Civil Rights Act of 1964
All of the civil rights laws that protect people from discrimination because of race or color or national origin also protect American Indians including the Civil Rights Act of 1964

35. The Environmental Movement
Roots of the Environmental Movement can be traced back to the late 1800’s, and to the New Deal
Early environmentalists included John Muir and Teddy Roosevelt
Muir was instrumental in persuading TR to preserve vast public lands as parks, forests, and wildlife preserves

36. “There can be nothing in the world more beautiful than the Yosemite, the groves of giant sequoias and redwoods, the Canyon of the Colorado, the Canyon of the Yellowstone, the Three Tetons; and our people should see to it that they are preserved for their children and their children's children forever, with their majestic beauty all unmarred."
Teddy Roosevelt, Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter

37. Best Seller’s List Rachel Carson Author of Silent Spring
Condemned the use of chemical
pesticides such as DDT which
threatened the food chain
destroyed many
birds and fish including the bald eagle

38. Important Environmental Actions
The creation of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in 1974
Chief goal to ensure that nuclear power faculties were operated safely

39. Earth Day Earth Day was created in April 1970
Increased awareness and clean-up day
Celebrated on April 22
Wear green, walk to school, and plant some flowers!

40. Government Action
Creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970
The first EPA undertakings set standards for factory waste, car emissions, and the use of pesticides and toxic substances
The Clean Air in 1970
The Clean Water Act in 1972
Problems between businesses and the new laws continue today

41. Consumer Safety Expert Ralph Nader
Headed a consumer effort to
protect Americans from
unsafe products
Published, Unsafe at Any
Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile in 1964
Later, headed efforts to make baby food, insecticides, and the meatpacking industries safer; ran for president in 2000